tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1103420463784031102024-03-05T01:22:52.578-08:00Ewa Hawaii KarstKanehilihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00772491490665346198noreply@blogger.comBlogger45125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-110342046378403110.post-84918549389688180082017-07-22T16:23:00.002-07:002023-08-05T14:38:08.228-07:00Hawaiian Cultural Practitioner Mike Lee Comments on Navy's Barbers Point Toxic Chemical Landfill<div dir="ltr" id="docs-internal-guid-9a257cd8-6c91-addd-7c89-2cd335e09f53" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Aloha e, Captain Richard D. Hayes, Ms. Denise Emsley,</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">These are my comments on the Proposed Plan, Barbers Point Sanitary Landfill by NavFac Hawaii, Solid Waste Management project.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">I, Michael Kumukauoha Lee, recognized Native Hawaiian cultural practitioner of limu, Papakilohoku and recognized cultural descendant of the ahupua'a of Honouliuli, Ewa, is most sincerely requesting further investigation and documentation into the disregard of established Federal and State of Hawaii laws that should be protecting our native cultural resources and identified important ancient Hawaiian habitation area used for centuries. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">This is a depraved indifference to the rights of my Hawaiian cultural practice and iwi kupuna burials in this area. There is cause of standing of imminent harm to my family’s Hawaiian cultural resources. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">I am referencing the site which today is used as a military toxic waste dumping place contaminating the subsurface fresh water systems which directly sustain my cultural limu medicine practice. The Ewa shore was once known as the Hale o Limu – House of Limu, for the many abundant varieties of limu varieties sustaining our Hawaiian people and the once thriving fisheries supporting also our turtles, seals and reef fish. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">This area, prior to being taken over in WW-II for a Navy air base, was a well known wetlands, ancient pond on land in the Ewa, Oahu area called Kalaeloa under the jurisdiction of the US Navy which has been in the news recently. Many maps and old air photos, as well as the Navy Base Realignment and Closure studies conducted by the Tuggles in 1997-99, show this area as a wetland and pond area. While the use of the area was justified under the emergency defense conditions of WW-II, the Navy must now fully restore the area to natural conditions and stop the contamination and pollution of our reef, fisheries and limus, not to mention the possible health issues to our people swimming in tide pools containing cancerous chemicals.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Please see attached addendum with photos. Because this activity clearly has had an Adverse Effect under NEPA, NHPA, Hawaii State Law, the Hawaii State Constitution, Article XII, Section 7, a Cultural Landscape Report and Biological Hazards analysis needs to be done as mitigation and remediation for the prior military use of this area. This would be the fair response and certainly not just putting some dirt over the cancerous chemical contamination and leaving it to pollute and kill our fisheries, endangered reef animals and young children swimming there. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Why aren’t the State and Federal laws that are supposed to protect us and our cultural heritage being followed? Why was I, as the officially recognized cultural and lineal descendant of this area not fully consulted on the project plans in the very beginning before they proceeded with the very first meeting? It strongly appears there was an attempt to hide this and not notify me, which is inexcusable as I have been a Section 106 consultant in prior Navy projects and I have recognized cultural descendant status from Honouliuli Ewa by the City, State and US Navy. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">The person chosen as the Navy’s Hawaiian consultant with regard to this site’s cultural and religious resources is not the area’s officially recognized Hawaiian cultural practitioner by the Oahu Island Burial Council and State of Hawaii Historic Preservation Division, as I am. Further, his unlicensed hearsay site analysis has allowed the Navy to override the advice of the SHPD’s chief archeologist who recommended an Archeological Inventory Survey and no use of heavy construction machinery on the very fragile wetland, wildlife refuge and 10,000 year old Ordy pond. This current Navy dump site is in fact also an ancient water pond and wetlands of very high Hawaiian cultural and Western scientific value surrounded by many archeological sites.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">This is a fact and documented in reports and maps prior to the Navy use of the area and after the closing of the Navy air base. The Navy is trying to escape responsibility for this environmental and cultural injustice.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">I must constantly rely upon vigilant protection of my religious, traditional and customary Native Hawaiian practices and cultural and natural resources or I will loose them forever. As the kahu, or keeper, of the iwi kupuna in this area, as recognized by the Oahu Island Burial Council and State of Hawaii Historic Preservation Division, it is my responsibility to ensure the protection and safety of all the bones and objects within my family’s burial complexes in this area. There has been no adequate archeology surveys of this area since the 1990’s, known to have Hawaiian many archeological sites and wahi pana. Further, no comprehensive studies have been done to prove the environmental safety and no ill effects on the fisheries, reef and to human occupants living and using this area for sustenance and recreation.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Also, as a long time kahunalapa’auokekaiolimu, or Native Hawaiian practitioner of limu medicine, disturbance of the fresh water source and water conditions in these interior wetlands adversely affect my protected cultural limu practice. Fresh water flows through an extensive network of underground interconnected Karst caverns and channels from the mountains to the sea and contains the nutrients that feed the foundation of our Ewa eco-system food chain. This Navy dump area is among the last remaining large ancient pond and wetlands in the entire Honouliuli Ewa area of my practice, as the rest have been damaged by land development using heavy equipment crushing the subsurface mountains to the sea Karst water transport system.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">I view this threat to my cultural practices as significant and have the justification under the Hawaii State Constitution to protect my cultural rights in this area. The Hawaii State Constitution, Article XII, Section 7, provides protection for subsistence, cultural and religious purposes possessed by ahupua'a tenants. I am urging an immediate investigation and mitigation because my rights are being violated and my important cultural resources are being damaged without adequate protection.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">This project is receiving Federal funds on US Navy administered Federal property and must comply with the National Historic Preservation Act (NHPA), National Environmental Protection Act (NEPA), Chapter 6E of the Hawaii Revised Statutes, Navy environmental directives and NAGPRA. They should perform an Archeological Inventory Survey, Cultural Landscape Report and Biological Environmental Hazards Report and not just rely upon unprofessional unlicensed hearsay advice. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">I have a long standing officially documented vested interest in this area as a recognized Kahuna Lapa'au La'au o Limu and have successfully challenged these culturally protected rights in court and obtained a favorable ruling from the First Circuit Court of the State of Hawaii. Due to the urgency of this construction activity and damage already done I am requesting your expeditious attention to this investigation and reply within two weeks.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Aloha,</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><img height="85" src="https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/UGQ8Am_cv3OIJsnB1kn2r2dEfZjjYfB4naacliCHRmnSGwCWVoZ5rTFh5bpf1eQJmJp5TTWMr1vh40RUXMVsdR0VdkIGvei4pJpsk5pfPr4QZAiWkvDWBjuAZWG_ce13hnEkpQE8uAUmG1iCvA" style="-webkit-transform: rotate(0.00rad); border: none; transform: rotate(0rad);" width="456" /></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">91-1200 Keauniu Drive, Unit 614, </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Ewa Beach, Hawaii 96701</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">808-683-1954</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Please see Addendums, Attachments, Legal Documents and Photographs</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><img height="390" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/4v0hohdVGMlta3pDjj0dSlQBbghY8aenqem5zaIzMf2LmHVkNZA-wKwZMqbyCKYz--a59Z71SqbfH27YF61jmPw12oIFnihK40XJ66MjoB45CMa004VLdmBJwsyM-gzg9Y5H_wGycUK-UDrbiw" style="-webkit-transform: rotate(0.00rad); border: none; transform: rotate(0rad);" width="293" /></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><img height="392" src="https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/KgGgSKv0ztOgZ4FWn-KvOmcBjoiqqQ-goM9VcgKsAtSh0MxLQxUdhtOPrU3D3LFN45ZUi5FDWaYCYQhFpUh-AaRlZf7KI8KWeXKrHfWqpTJDAAmyZOs8jQq9S0YVGWTO_vH5n3kShSM-1pQmlg" style="-webkit-transform: rotate(0.00rad); border: none; transform: rotate(0rad);" width="294" /></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Native Hawaiian Cultural Practitioner and recognized Kahuna Lapa'au La'au o Limu at Kualaka’i Beach, Oahu which is directly below the Navy toxic waste dump site.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><img height="368" src="https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/y7cijGmZHMCpZyos5ni2qAfpV9U_GJigsnwhdgKH3BvWZFAAVzNW3gTQNtRLkeawKineVXpogWkFsR0fFuECE6BnOf1pJ1K0iGhZ7sgYtcQN7SH-ArXAIjnktgA88xCySZNb9LyBDfQTMeYv6A" style="-webkit-transform: rotate(0.00rad); border: none; transform: rotate(0rad);" width="276" /></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><img height="369" src="https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/x1SWDbPcSNMy-3c2r4KG0Xrmpn9u40l04mQltNpbA1L7jxKVmCdsy3sNOWeJ3wX11q1wrb_oCbZy5TwND-8iAVXT8r5m9x_KvEXesBjY99xRfE5uhMTOYfHRG_vgnvnFaNF9bN5Hdy3OLQs0RA" style="-webkit-transform: rotate(0.00rad); border: none; transform: rotate(0rad);" width="277" /></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">A relaxing, educational experience and opportunity to taste samples of freshly picked limu.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">However does this limu contain cancer causing contaminants? The Navy has no studies showing the subsurface water under the dump site which was a WW-II coral quarry dug right down to the ground water and ocean tide level isn’t poisoning limu, fish, sea creatures and people.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><img height="233" src="https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/ZpIHjP1C2_mPO9CbJEpH5WoBs9D-0ARCJYBIQLTnPVlRz1NGT4HpeWxw8TPsINKssAErJ-PMwbQ8B66iAqNEWoT-I1ZW1p9Zn1WhBimJ_YyZ7sC5Jz5s9w2jMDI2hi33cOh8Xwtawm_PCJjA7w" style="-webkit-transform: rotate(0.00rad); border: none; transform: rotate(0rad);" width="310" /></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><img height="233" src="https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/XZO0A8oI-Oh6yi_KGub1-akYvZV1SPIBiaB2NOswwkqeiJMU45erWdfTPHuEDNXNxZAEzakdojq1VsqITDasViC73FV7USMUQ1BjZ9SarAzPoif6xGtXZInXYhJO3LD632o18dZjyxM4OfJmwQ" style="-webkit-transform: rotate(0.00rad); border: none; transform: rotate(0rad);" width="307" /></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">The limu shown in the surf is all edible or has a Hawaiian cultural medicinal use. Where are the studies showing the Navy toxic dump isn’t poisoning this important Hawaiian cultural resource?</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><img height="233" src="https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/O8U5nuRgE3iPYq70Wj4xGLWYQnmipv_21hODnaazaZXTbYD4Nf__AWWb0kUNJ_VwCLEWi8wDhBzkrUeg1zK1hfPxmVWGIeE8-mKkn5VX7rlcsLQanr5A-Nm4_clEjOtJ2SnxiFT5RPvlSgygEQ" style="-webkit-transform: rotate(0.00rad); border: none; transform: rotate(0rad);" width="311" /></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><img height="232" src="https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/6TymqzflISOWqNPnyCd3tnfXlx3ST6Otj6qLraG8HAABGGiXfF_C2TPb6Y_cD9HyvhdcQ-5PuHmm4MUIrlQv4D0AzC8ghVW0_MB_aIzPmWyvBzXpeRo-F4HpDXpUAwAHjx6v1mTAGFXh-MpOrQ" style="-webkit-transform: rotate(0.00rad); border: none; transform: rotate(0rad);" width="310" /></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Activities of ancient Hawaiian culture are found throughout this coastal area and burials are known to be found in the nearby sand dunes. At one time the Ewa fisheries and limu were highly abundant in this area before WW-II. Hawaiian cultural history has stories of the sister of the revered goddess Pele visited this place called the Spring of Hoakalei. The very first Polynesians were known to have made their first landings here. They were attracted by the lushness, richness and beauty that would sustain centuries of native Hawaiian families.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><img height="141" src="https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/eEhUoXjT4pqrnS_yCX2P0RYrFHQh0qwsBWFBy81so4sp54kBXh_g997GzLagSIoUrz28RYeH1q9DkhTVOcrQqbvO5DF_nnC2SMFoF9shRJsDBmTvk8G29C5DhBaaPFaZb_u_GW0iUAO8tTxexg" style="-webkit-transform: rotate(0.00rad); border: none; transform: rotate(0rad);" width="185" /></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><img height="141" src="https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/3CkEdrs55R4L_aO9iE-F7AJS0O9_AqMq15LazXgkjoYeIxWYVWIw8Oxa084TS_hTiGnKGP7fp9W_dSp_bdLUwQywhPy4jsvK5qJiKRjmbMnbLplvbALEpvSdZ2h_vfHW7WWDb9djmqEwBzXmcA" style="-webkit-transform: rotate(0.00rad); border: none; transform: rotate(0rad);" width="188" /></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><img height="141" src="https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/g2ZGeLu1mAnbPcPYROEfC00ZqflcabmKKos5Y4S2rDqJTg_VCU6IFyO6pMhTj7rE3iHUkkw5-0AX2n72XoMab808v0KyB7W_ljrE2IhhhZIHMpL1v_u-y2RLNhtCwEUNroohuEqpGE_UdtSuVA" style="border: medium none; transform: rotate(0rad);" width="197" /> </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Kualaka’i
Beach, Oahu is an especially beautiful showcase of both Hawaiian limu
and Ewa Plains Karst. A wide range of both Hawaiian limu and Karst
(limestone) formations can be seen in this location as well as often
seen sea turtles and Hawaiian monk seals sunning on the beach.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><img height="225" src="https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/iVFxHpTxekOUTojjEerwwou0lFy6XUiZDovG6QKTcMe_mPkW-d9e0qGs_fHZ-NoU0FjEqVSyI8uWtKnJ8bp0nwMVBncwOEx_Um3YuSmCoMX9Cds08JAfWZECl8qIftRyoYjSxejK-LL8sGu9mA" style="-webkit-transform: rotate(0.00rad); border: none; transform: rotate(0rad);" width="300" /></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><img height="227" src="https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/dOO5zyTQoS4sGMmCQCqomwNWKC_9SDVOCyZkWMdeHQfP-hnMb1LBmpZ8_wbhZHLtzNkAxkLVwOxdgZvMkbngO4Ac50sE8EUvWOZ3yD9cuzhdBKcjU9g2IkIQvvLnjp-pPIon4S_HDxlUXLJ3SA" style="-webkit-transform: rotate(0.00rad); border: none; transform: rotate(0rad);" width="303" /></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">It is very important to understand that the fresh water flowing through the subsurface caves and channels nourishes the wide variety of “House of Limu” sea algae. Limu actually requires fresh water in order to survive. Without it the shoreline limestone rocks are bare and lifeless and an entire ecosystem is killed off. This is documented Western science and not a “Hawaiian belief”</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><img height="221" src="https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/PJS3THWrF7bq8Z2rRsF1h7dglYKlj6GNgXIQiIcj8kg_xeJI2vUU03bHTF9m2_MFBJbkFBCTh8qLplTAFOakduIlW9WP00yfvNXDlIoRAOVzE5Mj5rar8h4RvsOtXndUYiq2r2Mb0ToEBTGHPQ" style="-webkit-transform: rotate(0.00rad); border: none; transform: rotate(0rad);" width="515" /></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Known since ancient times as the “House of Limu” for many varieties and flavors as well as medicinal uses. All of the geological formations are ancient coral reef.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><img height="227" src="https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/nHqw3t-l6Ue0XBNIR5e0lTj5KIw2teUwR-xcTllvVDDpRXmM0gRF4uP14TtQx7I3sEFQWcZrRIuj6YxyaBaznJWihyDt9MKZGnTI4IQgqDSH_fk-5jA1B2c53zYDfmbS9Rip1Hugl6eQHXkmQQ=w304-h227" style="-webkit-transform: rotate(0.00rad); border: none; transform: rotate(0rad);" width="304" /></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><img height="227" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/2VwZEeU4lqtqsC9_oPAi78WWsywHds5gWq_bJQC4kJyFzKjD9ctBRydMQ8guLxOcelaS95CAq6MyorFw7Wq8aZOl-DtqbVvuL-nGXOhpzAvvATRbX4we8vRAST5RA6eXCXAaXBQDFuEzCFgZLw=w302-h227" style="-webkit-transform: rotate(0.00rad); border: none; transform: rotate(0rad);" width="302" /></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><img height="225" src="https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/23BERqJi-XW8nN380TcdCDqs5cNNxj97RRUQ3x1LDa1ZwNJBdkZipyChJw935wZOiOmWnXKrrX5OfBFszIT0SZzslLfwEX_y2OzMRxYtR4ZZBHTo-Y1ZjeHQjp9zzUAzMwCo6_GBbYIy7Qv4eQ" style="-webkit-transform: rotate(0.00rad); border: none; transform: rotate(0rad);" width="300" /></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><img height="227" src="https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/vKruVPIZ8S-HSm5uc_B5PpjJbbrx1DHbC5AZqU5yRHoz9CTDOFbDLZLSVCIAn24xek4BiknQgkUycEtX3oVnwkWyToU8iuFAC9ZZO_KRIwOSnkGxNRvIaeyk42_IJSfoMd0YeHnj4ohjlv125w" style="-webkit-transform: rotate(0.00rad); border: none; transform: rotate(0rad);" width="302" /></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><img height="227" src="https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/H0udyuEUkpvZvL7FRY9SuoMehljTI0IVfx0mpZWMoD1kH6Bs2vPjCap9BciLLg-CYtvHqFKTvOyyoTrvXS8BjPNu-ulds-og-BJSWTsimWnl9qrXdQ8nMyRm-ipZ4Ur3RfOtRU1PhP1h1QPH8w=w303-h227" style="-webkit-transform: rotate(0.00rad); border: none; transform: rotate(0rad);" width="303" /></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><img height="225" src="https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/tZ4zi8XTPZx22VEnCRHmG3a9mjhq-p7JOws9LZ-EiAUH50IOgm8elgKxDBWx6UOxeFBiGJ08eH4KNXLfQX6dCqO51kudA-5ugNRSch3PssMnHt5pIZ2kXP03Suc5ZZxi5xVeLqUOUh10t6kPhQ=w299-h225" style="-webkit-transform: rotate(0.00rad); border: none; transform: rotate(0rad);" width="299" /></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Reef fish, sea turtles and monk seals are often seen in the shallows and near shore waves.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">The natural attraction is great but we do not know how much invisible pollution and cancerous chemical contamination is being carried and transmitted through the food chain to humans.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><img height="229" src="https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/ZPdhU7a4cGzj6YMqBomCPmQ1P0XAXUTP24-P5CF_gPNuw3FvYrKJT-2NP3uriJO9owixpKTCdvCqUao5IxKPk9RaIOvmPAKXAosh5UKfamldf46P5OSmcAvcDS9Od59f0pR_xRTQU1fP-1asYQ=w299-h229" style="-webkit-transform: rotate(0.00rad); border: none; transform: rotate(0rad);" width="299" /></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><img height="227" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/tPGxMBV564bvfMJcK6NtqX8B97btyeaCTLMUIK_fEFlzgJj-amx0ZdWj3MFnGsgLzU31g44jRmicYqgRZX5W8f43_79EEchioGMZK7Keump6GSN3qHi-4y42itnm31GQxuCqPf9pHgEuQyZHhA=w303-h227" style="-webkit-transform: rotate(0.00rad); border: none; transform: rotate(0rad);" width="303" /></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><img height="231" src="https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/sFGKAGq-sfBnwKQROsAZlIK6xK3jV7c_BD42oRL6jI7yPA-Bhzgs40FOxNxVzs35w4JBCgJzrv9iYCmZdXi9-teSi6DY8BDnZqUdZLZnHcbjEoqsmEJ3-OoA8V68gtn2Y1rtqlv32Kt63bUDdQ=w295-h231" style="-webkit-transform: rotate(0.00rad); border: none; transform: rotate(0rad);" width="295" /></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><img height="232" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/5YAgsV6q4jRLtOwfM1tr8MFlRVaGRxPi5rFhEgJXmeTkqslhmUDswzSpJyxGleHzfuCk5nzM9NOuAFR-BwTNlmOUif8B0rlJyfyo2JsUgvxoxLaI-s_XVNQA-PKc9ytML59yLA3PCHbOCUzVSw=w309-h232" style="-webkit-transform: rotate(0.00rad); border: none; transform: rotate(0rad);" width="309" /></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Mike Lee’s entire cultural practice is based upon the connectedness of the upland Karst water system where this very old Ti plant grows, with the beach areas makai at Kualaka’i – Nimitz Beach where he picks limu for food and medicinal purposes. Limu colonies vary greatly in type and quality depending upon the season of the year. Each has a unique taste and the fresh karst limestone water affects all of this and all creatures big and small depend on this resource or the area becomes a lifeless sea desert. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><img height="382" src="https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/xU-vpDc3AtIrP5qtKRZ8YV9iglc0-Q7ntQZLZnTgyUsrJlCMg7XCWWE7dmGX9Vhngs8EXssJJys2kMi_urPoE3rmlGql0wQPNFaYUz-i7aqH3gYmmXldTXaxT3868iuyCe0FIZlUCSJH11fO_A=w287-h382" style="-webkit-transform: rotate(0.00rad); border: none; transform: rotate(0rad);" width="287" /></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><img height="388" src="https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/8Wth7GHj6AOignbLl1EYzJfNjW9_TeajZzSoD-QnQJ8X5MQv1ZzRFmcl0oqsvLHcIY3AqQfs0hCHAFR7Lf29tuQ6xjJZp9BGRUs9vLhM4d9UGAlFjeJEm5s3GNxURNmZNVq3hLJGIM5hk_8Vrw=w287-h388" style="-webkit-transform: rotate(0.00rad); border: none; transform: rotate(0rad);" width="287" /></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><img height="407" src="https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/b1PKLp4Q1Ge81yMvvHbuCg2L9t1xu0gIg_esF_4bu2DqpAnbeoKh3ezYLUWvdRKxC3HChlBCyIb96-TsJsARpygu-zFSKEXaT4op7sjFGgNIXrpCablvCHJ-Jbkn6VZGoA2p7Wka_Lzq5bxoxw=w296-h407" style="-webkit-transform: rotate(0.00rad); border: none; transform: rotate(0rad);" width="296" /></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><img height="406" src="https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/cnyzExcKI1cw9wSzVA-4Zu-3Ez1zXnksNM4iTl6GbtXsD64xBqK8mJ1kyq10YVN6wkgRIG7h-OlcsfrIGn7DGK4y2NwzYBj5eOXY_F7HkDawOKoIi11emVKb_9orhaAOkWnv_Uh15rYgIvdY6A=w286-h406" style="-webkit-transform: rotate(0.00rad); border: none; transform: rotate(0rad);" width="286" /></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Found in Karst sinkholes are even honey bee hives important for pollination of area plants.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">They are attracted to the subsurface fresh water. Clearly an entire ecosystem of insects, birds, plants fish, etc all depend on the Ewa Plain karst water system. Chemical contamination and destruction of this extremely important upland to lowland shoreline ecosystem and the Hawaiian cultural history that supported centuries of Hawaiian families clearly shows we do not have a sustainable culture and are killing off all our resources that sustain natural life on the Ewa Plain.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><img height="300" src="https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/qvacmpfEsRDBNlwNGBQGDq4AqbL4hXu3qZ1qwAxNi9L2n0xCLGdu2qz3VN5fkTVf03cvFsQtN93_a69udEhAa0gN3S7qt5J49PMXlNaDkiCYFtW8IIgNeohohb_86MFGcd3lyy7IEgCzu0oMQA" style="-webkit-transform: rotate(0.00rad); border: none; transform: rotate(0rad);" width="372" /></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline;">WRITTEN DIRECT TESTIMONY OF MICHAEL KUMUKAUOHA LEE</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">I am Native Hawaiian and a Hawaiian cultural practitioner. I have been recognized by several government entities as a Hawaiian cultural practitioner, such as the Honolulu City Council, the First Circuit Court, the Oahu Island Burial Council, and the Office of Hawaiian Affairs. Please refer to my affidavit for more information regarding my heritage and background as a recognized Hawaiian cultural practitioner. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">I live at 91-1200 Keauniu Drive, Unit 614, Ewa Beach, Hawaii 96701, which is about 3 miles from the site. I am familiar with the area as it lies within my family’s Ahupua’a Honouliuli in the Moku (or district) of Ewa. I am currently the only descendent recognized by the Oahu Island Burial Council (OIBC) to protect the iwi kupuna, or royal bones and burials, located within the Ahupua’a Honouliuli. I have been involved in several case hearings to protect the iwi kupuna and my cultural practices in this area. Please see my affidavit for more details. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">There are culturally very significant sites within this area and adjacent land parcels, namely the extensive underground and interconnected “karst” or water system, and areas which have also been proven to be a part of a burial complex of my Hawaiian family. Iwi kupuna are buried in subsurface in the karsts in and around this site and parcel area. The subterranean karst topography is characterized by an extensive system of porous channels and caverns that have been carved out by flowing groundwater over time. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">The karst system underneath the proposed site is culturally significant for two reasons. First, as stated above, iwi kupuna are buried within it and such places are sacred to Native Hawaiians. As the kahu, or keeper, of the iwi kupuna in this area, and it is my responsibility to ensure the safety of all the bones and objects within my family’s burial complex. Second, fresh water flows through an extensive network of underground interconnected caverns from the mountains to the sea and contains the nutrients that feed the foundation of our food chain. The fresh water nourishes the algae and limu at the sea coast, and in turn the algae and limu are the food for all the mollusks, opihi, haukiuki, invertebrates, crabs, lobsters, shrimp, and the puumoo or chiton, that Native Hawaiians use for traditional ceremonies, such as the Mawaewae ceremony for newborn babies. The fresh water running through the cavern system exits into the sea through water holes along the Ewa shoreline. In ancient times, the Ewa shoreline was called Haleolimu, or the house of limu, due to the abundant amount of limu that thrived there. Today there is substantially less limu due to polluted urban runoff. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Furthermore, as a long time kahunalapa’auokekaiolimu, or Native Hawaiian practitioner of limu medicine, any disturbance in the fresh water source or water conditions at the Ewa seashore will adversely affect and could destroy the limu and thereby degrade my cultural practice or make such cultural practices impossible. I visit the Ewa seashore at least twice a month to identify and/or gather limu for my limu medicine practice. I also teach others about the practice of limu medicine. I was one of the co-founders of the Ewa Limu Project, the purpose of which is to restore the limu along the Ewa Beach coastline, while making every effort to replant for future harvest and to educate the community to replant and strengthen the various types of limu found there. The Honolulu City Council honored the co-founders for the success of the project, as evidenced by a certificate that I received on January 28, 2004, entitled “Honoring and Commending the Ewa Limu Project.” See my affidavit for more details.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">I view the potential threat to my cultural practices as significant and does not even mention the underground karst system throughout the area and the importance of it to my iwi kupuna and cultural practices. I have a right under the Hawaii State Constitution to protect my cultural rights in the area. The Hawaii State Constitution, Article XII, Section 7, provides:</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">The State reaffirms and shall protect all rights, customarily and traditionally exercised for subsistence, cultural and religious purposes and possessed by ahupua'a tenants who are descendants of native Hawaiians who inhabited the Hawaiian Islands prior to 1778, subject to the right of the State to regulate such rights.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">The people that were chosen as consultants with regard to cultural resources are not Hawaiian cultural practitioners in the area. Urban and storm water runoff from the construction and project site entering the sea by way of above ground or through the Karst limestone will devastate the limu and other sea life at the Ewa seashore. With large erratic rainstorms becoming more frequent in our state, I believe managing polluted runoff is a legitimate concern, with potentially significant impacts in the area. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">• I am a Papakilohökü and a Native Hawaiian practitioner of limu medicine and a practitioner of the Hä; </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">• My knowledge of limu was taught to me by my grandfather, Kino Guerrero and Uncle Walter Kamana;</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">• My knowledge of Hä comes from Aunty Alice Holokai;</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">• I possess knowledge of the Kaona of the 2102 lines of the Kumulipo;</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">• I am compelled to come forward at this time to reveal certain facts regarding significant Native Hawaiian cultural sites due to the threat of imminent harm, alteration, and destruction of sacred sites;</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Proper identification and protection of historic and cultural sites. Protection of exercise of my religious and traditional and customary native Hawaiian practices and historical, cultural and natural resources my practices rely upon.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">The Legislature has found that historic sites and especially unmarked burial sites are at increased risk of destruction and it serves the public interest to protect and preserve the traditional cultural landscape. Furthermore, the Constitution of the State of Hawai'i, in Article 12, Section 7, protects the exercise of traditional and customary practices and inherently, the resources these practices rely upon. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">My connection to 'Ewa, the individuals buried in the unmarked burial areas, the knowledge I possess of traditional uses of the resources in the area, like limu, are important to the general public as there are established healing properties for many common and fatal diseases society is afflicted with. Preserving the cultural heritage of Hawaii is important to the wellbeing of the populace. Article XII, Section 7, of the Constitution of the State of Hawaii states:</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">TRADITIONAL AND CUSTOMARY RIGHTS, Section 7. The State reaffirms and shall protect all rights, customarily and traditionally exercised for subsistence, cultural and religious purposes and possessed by ahupua'a tenants who are descendants of native Hawaiians who inhabited the Hawaiian Islands prior to 1778, subject to the right of the State to regulate such rights. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Notwithstanding the strong Constitutional mandates and statutory obligations set forth to recognize the duties of the State of Hawaii and its sub-agencies to protect the traditional and customary rights of native Hawaiians and Hawaiians, the Hawaii Supreme Court has set forth judicial guidance and interpretation in this regard as well.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">In Public Access Shoreline Hawaii vs. Hawaii County Planning Commission (PASH), 79 Hawai’i 425 (1995), hereinafter PASH, the Hawaii Supreme Court, recognizing over 150 years of court decisions validating the existence of Native Hawaiian traditional and customary rights as part of the state’s common law, reiterated that:</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">The State is obligated to protect the reasonable exercise of customarily and traditionally exercised rights of Hawaiians.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">In Ka Pa’akai O Ka 'Aina v. Land Use Commission, 94 Haw. 31 (2000), hereinafter Ka Pa’akai, the Hawaii Supreme Court, again noting it was clear that the State and its agencies are obligated to protect the reasonable exercise of customarily and traditionally exercised rights of Hawaiians, to the extent feasible, noted the findings of the Hawaii State Legislature in 2000 that:</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[T]he past failure to require native Hawaiian cultural impact assessments has resulted in the loss and destruction of many important cultural resources and has interfered with the exercise of native Hawaiian culture. The legislature further finds that due consideration of the effects of human activities on native Hawaiian culture and the exercise thereof is necessary to ensure the continued existence, development, and exercise of native Hawaiian culture. Act 50, H.B. NO. 2895, H.D. 1, 20th Leg. (2000).</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">The Ka Pa’akai court also noted:</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">With regard to native Hawaiian standing, this court has stressed that "the rights of native Hawaiians are a matter of great public concern in Hawaii." Pele Defense Fund v. Paty, 73 Haw. 578, 614, 837 P.2d 1247, 1268 (1992), certiorari denied, 507 U.S. 918, 113 S. Ct. 1277, The Ka Pa’akai court also set forth an analytical framework, in that instance for the LUC to adhere to, but in the spirit and intent of the law, a framework that all State and County entities should follow, especially the DLNR, which is espoused as follows. The proper analysis of cultural impacts should include:</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">1) the identity and scope of "valued cultural, historical, or natural resources" in the petition area, including the extent to which traditional and customary native Hawaiian rights are exercised in the petition area; (2) the extent to which those resources -- including traditional and customary native Hawaiian rights -- will be affected or impaired by the proposed action; and (3) the feasible action, if any, to be taken by the (agency) to reasonably protect native Hawaiian rights if they are found to exist.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Via this Testimony, I am helping the DLNR fulfill their duty on behalf of the public.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">I have been granted standing in the Papipi Road issue and Kalo'i Case issue, before this very same DLNR for the very same area ('Ewa). I have also been recognized as a cultural descendant by the O'ahu Island Burial Council to this very same area and the primary informant for the ali'i burial complex and heiau which the OIBC officially recognized. I have a very strong, distinct and vested interest in this area as a Kahuna Lapa'au La'au o Limu and successfully challenged the CDUA for Kalo'i Gulch and obtained a favorable January 17, 2008 ruling from the First Circuit Court vacating this Board's May 11, 2007 Order granting Haseko's request for a conservation district use permit to discharge polluted stormwater into the ocean. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">The Court remanded the decision "to the Board for receiving evidence and providing findings of fact and conclusions based upon a supplemental record." The Court's decision was based on the fact that "Haseko's water quality analysis failed to consider the cumulative impacts of the proposed project with existing stormwater discharges; or nutrient loads from Haseko's proposed stormwater outfall." </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Any Relief Petitioner Seeks or Deems Itself Entitled to </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Proper analysis of water quality and cumulative impacts of the proposed project with existing stormwater discharges; or nutrient loads from proposed stormwater outfall as mandated by the First Circuit Court in their January 17, 2008 Order. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Proper identification and protection of historic and cultural sites. Protection of exercise of my religious and traditional and customary native Hawaiian practices and historical, cultural and natural resources my practices rely upon, and underground water resources, such as the underground stream (Karst) which was breached, be adequately and corrected.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Mr. Lee has lived in the Moku (or district) of Ewa for over 13 years. He uses the area of One’ula in Ewa to gather limu and teach others. He also performs cultural practices related to communicating and honoring his ancestors. (Lee Aff. 11.)</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">One of the primary traditional cultural practices in the Petition Area was the gathering of native plant species. (FEIS, App. F at 91; 3/1/12, M. Lee 69: 19-25.)</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Native Hawaiians traditionally gathered several types of limu in the Ewa area. (FEIS, App. F. at 98; Lee Aff. 4-9.)) </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">The gathering of limu is a traditional and customary practice of Native Hawaiians. (3/1/12, M. Lee 75:4-8; Lee Aff 6.) </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Mr. Lee’s grandfather, Kimo Valentine Guerrero, and Walter Kamana taught him about limu and the limu medicine. (3/1/12, M. Lee 60: 24-25, p. 61, l. 1; Lee Aff. 9.) </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Mr. Lee can identify approximately seventy different types of Hawaiian limu by sight. (Lee Aff. 10.)</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Limu gathering has taken place in the area around the Petition Area, and in areas that would be impacted by the proposed development, for over 500 years. (3/1/12, M. Lee 70: 4-13.) </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Mr. Lee and other Native Hawaiians regularly gather limu in and around the Petition Area and in areas that would be impacted by the proposed development. (3/1/12, M. Lee 70: 11-17.) </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">In addition to limu, the high quality soils found in the Honouliuli area are also a Native Hawaiian cultural resource. (3/1/12, M. Lee 75: 7-12.)</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">The health of limu depends on a mix of salt water and fresh water. (Lee Aff. 45-46.) </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">The urbanization of the Petition Area would significantly increase the area’s impermeable surface thereby increasing the amount of surface water runoff. (Lee Aff. 47; 3/1/12 M. Lee, 94: 15-25, 95: 1-13; 96:17-20.)</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1a1a1a; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Petitioner has not provided any studies regarding the impact that the increased urban and storm water runoff would have on the limu and other sea life at the Ewa seashore. (Lee Aff. 47.) </span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1a1a1a; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Petitioner does not propose, or commit to, any specific measures to mitigate the impact of increased runoff on the karst system and limu gathering rights.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1a1a1a; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">One of the reasons the karst cave system is culturally significant is because it allows fresh water to flow out to the ocean and nourish the limu and sea life. (Lee Aff. 45-47; 3/1/12 M. Lee 72: 3-5.) </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1a1a1a; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">The fresh water karst and ancient burial cave system is the foundation for the limu at One’ula, which in ancient times was called Haleolimu, or the house of limu, which supports large amounts of sea life, a primary source of protein. (Lee Aff. 46; 3/1/12 M. Lee 72:1-5.) </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1a1a1a; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Removal of freshwater from the underground karst system negatively impacts the health and quantity of limu. (3/1/12, M. Lee 72: 3-23.)</span></div>
Kanehilihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00772491490665346198noreply@blogger.comEwa Beach, HI 9670621.304067420827405 -158.0462265014648421.274478920827406 -158.08656700146486 21.333655920827404 -158.00588600146483tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-110342046378403110.post-34505207326133314012017-07-01T19:14:00.001-07:002017-07-22T15:57:51.299-07:00Ewa Reef, Beach, Limu Toxic Chemical Exposure From Major Navy Dump Site<div dir="ltr" id="docs-internal-guid-c8a5b5c4-eca9-6762-6570-a6326c0faf3e" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;">
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">RE: Proposed Plan, Barbers Point Sanitary Landfill, Naval Facilities Engineering Command Hawaii Solid Waste Management Facility, Joint Base Pearl Harbor-Hickam, Kalaeloa, Oahu, Hawaii. Ancient Hawaiian Wetlands - Navy Chemical Dump - Threatens Ewa Leeward Shores - Groundwater Flow Patterns Are Very Important.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Dear Captain Richard D. Hayes III, Ms. Denise Emsley, </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Comments drawn from numerous sources, including Red Hill, where understanding groundwater flow in the Ewa Plain ancient limestone reef is critical in the investigation of contamination of the shoreline and reef.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Comment:</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Under CERCLA, the Navy is responsible for the investigation and cleanup of contamination resulting from its past operations. Based on the results of investigations at the site, the Navy’s overall strategy for the response action is to protect current and future receptors(?) from</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">exposure to waste material and limit exposure to surface soil at the site. (What about subsurface groundwater flow exposure into the beach and reef ecosystem?)</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">While most parties agree that groundwater generally flows from the mountains towards the ocean, there are specific geologic characteristics in the Ewa Plain area that may cause some groundwater to flow in directions other than directly towards the ocean. Understanding these geologic features is essential in determining the direction of groundwater flow in the Ewa Plain area. At this time, a much better understanding of the area’s karst geology is needed.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Comment:</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">The spatial distribution of COPCs in surface soil (0 to 6 inches below ground surface [bgs]) correlated well with areas where little to no landfill cover material was present or where municipal solid waste material (e.g., plastic, charred wood) was observed directly below the compost material, most likely as a result of erosion caused by the 2009 flooding. (This shows that covering with dirt is a useless measure that only lasts until the next big windstorm and heavy rain flood. Further, it begs the question of where did all the flood water go- and it obviously went below ground and into the sea since there has never been ANY liner placed beneath all of toxic waste since 1946.)</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #632423; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">A UH Water study done in 2009 for Oahu states that a coral quarry site with high volume karst water flows is the absolutely WORST possible place for a waste dump.</span></div>
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<a href="http://health.hawaii.gov/wastewater/files/2015/09/OSDS_OAHU.pdf" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: blue; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline;">http://health.hawaii.gov/wastewater/files/2015/09/OSDS_OAHU.pdf</span></a></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Hydraulic conductivities: On the high end are coral gravels and reef limestones. These coral reef remnants have the highest hydraulic conductivities of any formation in Hawaii with estimated values as high as 30,000 ft/d based on tidal response analysis </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">(Oki et., 1996).</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">This means a back and forth flow of ocean water deep underground and why there are values</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">as high as 30,000 ft/d based on tidal response analysis. It means decades of continuous on going ocean pollution. Just piling dirt over it only hides the problem and does nothing to mitigate it.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">The result: Ocean fisheries being killed off. Potential life threatening conditions for beach goers, fishermen, limu pickers, seals, turtles, reef fish. Not enough study (in fact NONE that we are aware of.)</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">This Navy karst dump site has never had a liner, with many materials dumped in the bottom of a coral quarry with a ground water table at the quarry bottom. There has never been any analysis of the karst water transport system or what effect this likely has had on the Nimitz and White Plains beach areas, fisheries, seals, birds, F&W wildlife preserve, etc.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">NavFac and apparently the State of Hawaii Department of Health wants the public to believe Option 3 "contains" all this toxic waste it but it cannot possibly because there is no bottom sealer- just the daily subsurface karst tidal water flushing system pulling the finer particles and chemicals to the ocean, especially after heavy rains.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Over the dirt layer cap, they also plan to plant native vegetation to stop soil erosion. What native vegetation would survive on a cap--unable to spread their roots down to the karst? What introduced vegetation would survive without watering or would it just depend on rainfall? It gets extremely hot out there followed by extremes of heavy storm downpours. Neither kiawe or Johnson grass-California grass, can survive on a cap of poor soil without water, and most native plants require rooting into the karst limestone (not gravel.) The first heavy rain will wash the soil cap away again and then we'll more money studying the soil erosion problem again.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">A local water scientist, PhD (name omitted for protection) stated “There is a tidal signal (pulse wave) that travels in underground about a mile” and a half twice a day due to tidal change (in Ewa).</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">“The karst is very permeable and very transmissive”</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">“Talk to drillers who can describe drills dropping as they bore down…”</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #632423; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Unfortunately having actual knowledge of the subsurface karst water system, caves and water channels is a highly protected secret in order to allow large scale land development and waste dump sites without having to take any cultural or environmental responsibilities.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #0f243e; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">PHOTOS Below show the chemical dump site's natural, cultural history and ecology more complicated than just simple localized chemical dump. This seal is on the karst limestone beach directly below the navy toxic waste site. The subsurface toxic water is flowing right to here:</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><img alt="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjAt9N20mvVFl_nSi4p-JPakWjT3iLA6kdwBWQekohBeae3G4gIomASATlSCk_sQD3VPlNm9izyiq2nobhYyaZdeepTzaCsuhIZzAWKy88cyzsuDiExfWokor6n8WU4ZF-ptYzuJPH-v8Cy/s1600/IMG_4177B.jpg" height="240" src="https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/61O7rWG88qKd7Xm77Q8MuAqlASA7IBnhxZlU7lYuNj4hTVenaijtgB0ybCih0FHYuFWrgx42ZbdCDC9-zZFh2i7YTDzeSxPOwxRAx3rufyDnkVEm9ujuO8hZu8pIecsxhlkR8OODmOfy2EYmZw" style="-webkit-transform: rotate(0.00rad); border: none; transform: rotate(0.00rad);" width="320" /></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: blue; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><img alt="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj9yjPH30U2Z82wRrkoIFbuuN6JIo9t5KLmHUb1npxNgfDu1f-rFYLW9XxIJ3kQh0qPsznSEwjzEZBxdjmiKTIq3UAwFS0-wlXmeY80A84HBrVYO-KuEszRQG0drGXKIXcRCX9n6ZPHbWFI/s1600/Railway-Coral-Cave.jpg" height="246" src="https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/ltSx1LlIflZTgp-uvPiJ74SDBphbrZs5riJ0HIWgcRHh1oqTZxANSq8buN5ZJjP1x5D0QZiCvVozsRY9BEO8Or82x9d_-U-DHUgN3G0ZXbY0ueyueJquchmdlGN3KzHInj29fOSrUAqg8xINvA" style="-webkit-transform: rotate(0.00rad); border: none; transform: rotate(0.00rad);" width="320" /></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Karst cave near East Kapolei rail station.</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> It appeared to have been filled up with </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">dirt during the Ewa plantation era and then subsequent water flow over decades washed the </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">dirt away down inside, reopening the cave chamber, which is how this picture was taken.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Comment:</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">The Navy report says: Although the HHRA concluded that exposure to contaminants</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">in surface soil does not pose unacceptable risk to human health or the environment based on current industrial use, the potential chemical and physical hazards directly posed by the contents of the landfill (e.g., municipal sanitary wastes, construction and demolition debris,</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">and bagged asbestos), were not assessed in the HHRA. Therefore, exposure to these materials was considered in selection of the Remedial Action Objectives (RAOs) developed for the site.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">(This all means next to nothing to the average citizen and does nothing to make anyone feel safer or that actual hazards are being actually mitigated.)</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Comment: COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">The Navy encourages the public to gain a comprehensive understanding of the site and the activities that have been conducted there. State agencies have provided input by reviewing and commenting on written reports and documents. The Navy has provided information to the community by posting reports and related documents in the information repositories for the site. (Almost no one in the community has ever had clue as to the “written reports and documents” that are supposed to be on file in the library. Especially if they were never even aware of this dump site previously which is in an extremely REMOTE wild area of the former Naval Air Station that almost no one has ever been to before.)</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Some of the public, mostly children, have been past this site is directly adjacent to a Fish & Wildlife endangered species preserve where school children are regularly taken to observe and care take the rare native plants and Opae Ula native shrimp which live in the same underground coral reef brackish water that the site has been directly polluting. No one would have ever told them they are downwind and sampling water possibly contaminated by a remote, gated toxic waste disposal site.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">The fact that the original NavFac announcement was done as “under the radar” as possible with anyone at all in the community aware of it really seems to be in the style we have seen before where things are done just for the purpose of establishing a technical record of announcement but no interest in recording actual public comments that may be critical or questioning. Usually the same individual or group is brought in to provide the desired comments the Navy wants.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">At the Ewa Beach Library presentation information provided by NavFac was surprisingly naive and inaccurate regarding the well known cultural and historic systems of underground karst cave and channel water flows into the Ewa shore, beach, reef and ocean areas.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Further, the statement was made that Ordy Pond has no hydraulic connection with the ocean which is contradicted by numerous EA and EIS documents produced over a decade for other local projects. It is believed this statement may be a result of a poorly produced Army Corps of Engineers categorization that never actual studied the pond but just made a very narrow and uninformed desk assessment. We have brought this to their attention in past years but they have never bothered to make a new, well informed analysis which seems to indicate the popular land developer agendas on the Ewa Plain.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">This is a complete attempt to fly this under the radar and avoid any public comment, or next to zero as possible –the reason is they don't want to address the fact that this has been going on for 14 years in what is an identifiable natural karst pond and wetlands and ancient Hawaiian habitation area. It was identified as wetlands and ancient Hawaiian sites in the major 1999 Tuggles research down for the closing of the Naval Air Station Barbers point.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">The area is the location of an ancient Hawaiian karst pond as seen in 1928 and later NASBP air photos . Air photos show it is has perennial surface water features and is historically a wetlands area that attracts migratory and endangered bird birds of many kinds. Surface water features that contain water at all times throughout the year.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: blue; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><img alt="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiD3ThvbkdoEGfKJ0eNNL-SV7b5yyS5oVGjkOIWlE41pq6QiiDNwhAT1HHpJ5J_uwLg56eR2K6Sb4lzaY9kLrGOKbz_BP08AQopCg3qdPkzSlqeQLqW1EqLEHmzWt9tbOvUNTPIZsOAfXZC/s1600/2.jpg" height="143" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/8R29n9_ukPYwUz7vfuBsEo79fhjiZRBtB4suhId6_sf4NzzMqaWk2oKTTWCEAmPKGgZWyhzzgJhZaarFQq50NIIoQVnxq8skUUaaRuzj1XZsKZ-1Mrrh8RQnkCGKnV-9sw-KqTOMx3h1K1yb2Q" style="-webkit-transform: rotate(0.00rad); border: none; transform: rotate(0.00rad);" width="320" /></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: blue; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><img alt="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg0w2pcmFda_Xx8sMcOkcSCLIEcL-FkvY1GOLVtQA-vaGzENPszqvbQhFSMl-mPmvoMLVc76qK3ysAapToArbX9hq2ct0LSYjyLOrMtdHvk6T1LLF9jEReSA6FW-Y6oybYS1mwS79frZkfu/s1600/3.jpg" height="142" src="https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/fHjRNp7k7vuSr99RI7uW9YXPO39usFr0k2ySTej3CWSLsiXZtMnJhD9SC8CMSmgU-_ewANMiCw1jmzvtNa3SYDM5Rq1rj92UiKX2KTZAHivSlYKiJTZK2MaYPOaj9rsb6LNQlqEeSN1K9cLvvA" style="-webkit-transform: rotate(0.00rad); border: none; transform: rotate(0.00rad);" width="320" /></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #632423; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Above, Photos of native migratory birds known to flock and nest at Ewa Plain wetlands and seasonal water features sometimes only six inches deep depending on storm rainfall.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Thermal Desorption Treatment of PCB-Contaminated Soil. Former Naval Air Station Barbers Point. Oahu, Hawaii. Department of the Navy.</span></div>
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<a href="https://triadcentral.clu-in.org/user/doc/TPP-BarbersPt-Thermal_Trmt.pdf" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: blue; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline;">https://triadcentral.clu-in.org/user/doc/TPP-BarbersPt-Thermal_Trmt.pdf</span></a></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">An estimated 26,306 cubic yards of PCB-contaminated soil from 100 sites at various Navy installations on Oahu were sent to the site for treatment. Soil from 21 sites totaling more than 5,600 cubic yards had been excavated and processed through the NAVFAC Kalaeloa site (2003- to ?)</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">PCB Contaminated soils from military bases all over Oahu, including Kaneohe MCBH where there have been lawsuits filed.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">PCBs, or polychlorinated biphenyls, are industrial products or chemicals. PCB contamination is high in the Housatonic River and New Bedford Harbor in Massachusetts. PCBs were banned in the U.S. in 1979 amid suggestions that these chemicals could have unintended impacts on human and environmental health.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">The North American producer, Monsanto Company, marketed PCBs under the trade name Aroclor from 1930 to 1977. No one will say what else was stockpiled or dumped as toxic waste at the site which has ben operated since 1946.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">The commercial production of PCBs started in 1929 but their use has been banned or severely restricted in many countries since the 1970s and 80s.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), DDT and other pesticides had been shown to cause cancer and that their agricultural use was a threat to wildlife, particularly birds. DDE is dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene-breakdown product of DDT.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">DDD (DDT) is dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a class of chemicals that occur naturally in coal, crude oil, and gasoline. They also are produced when coal, oil, gas, wood, garbage, and tobacco are burned. Cancer is a primary human health risk of exposure to PAHs.[43] Exposure to PAHs has also been linked with cardiovascular disease and poor fetal development.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) is a term used to describe a large family of several hundred chemical compounds that originally come from crude oil.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Recent studies found that high levels of lead and other heavy metals on the surface were exposed by recent rains.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Current Red Hill Lessons: </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Comment #1, General Comment on Regional Groundwater Flow. Additionally, the Navy data summary should consider the findings presented in: The description on page 19 Mink, J., 1980. State of the relationship between the Groundwater Resources of Southern Oahu. Published Board of Water Supply</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Comment #2: Physical Boundaries of the Study. Data collection and summary needs to include the entire modeling domain. Therefore, the study area boundary be defined as from the point of the dump to the shore, submarine outlets, and into the reef.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">One of the critical questions that the AOC process is meant to answer is "What risk do the chemical dump operations at the Kalaeloa Facility pose to shore and reef area traditional food sources?" Answering this question will require properly understanding the nature of the connectivity between the Kaleloa dump and Ewa Shore and Leeward Sectors affected by daily and seasonal tidal flows.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">There was never any discussion in this project about the ancient karst coral reef which is extremely permeable and especially after winds and rain storms has caused toxic chemicals from this site to wash down into the adjacent public beaches, swimming and fishing areas which includes the Hawaiian practice of picking limu (algae) for eating- usually raw.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Comment# 3: The Navy provides some extensive past activities the information is not presented in a usable and generally understandable fashion nor does it seem to be complete. The monitoring locations may not be sufficiently placed or at depth to actually monitor deep subsurface ground water flow.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">The dump site is used by many migratory birds. They have been gradually bulldozing over it but water keeps appearing. It's an ancient karst water pond but they always deny it. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">1928 air photos and overlays.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Comment #4: Groundwater Characteristics.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">The Navy has stated in the Red Hill monitoring that a high degree of accuracy and precision is needed to define the hydraulic gradients in the area but does not present existing data such as groundwater elevation measurements over the entire model domain from the dump site to the shore, submarine water outlets and reef.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Comment #5: The buried toxic waste is not contained by covering it with dirt or a berm to contain water within it. While in theory the storm water and process water runoff could influence groundwater flow, there is nothing currently included to describe available data to test this hypothesis.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Karst ponds and underground channels act as storm drains during heavy rains. The 1999 US Navy BRAC Tuggles archeology reports show this dump site as an ancient Hawaiian habitation area- supporting wetlands (Taro) and had a large nearby freshwater pond. That would have made this an important local habitation area with nearby abundant ocean food resources. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Comment #6: Takasaki and Mink (1985); </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">"Evaluation of Major Dike Impounded Ground-Water Reservoirs, Oahu, Hawaii" </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">USGS Water Paper 2217; should be included in the list of referenced reports. </span><a href="https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/wsp2217" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: blue; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline;">https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/wsp2217</span></a></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Comment #7: The claim they held a meeting Tuesday, May 23 at the Kapolei High School staff meeting room at 7 PM, after placing an ad in the back someplace of the daily Honolulu newspaper. A major well known military feature writer said he could not find this ad and had to ask me what the Navy was proposing to do. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">People not aware of the original project and comment period (later extended by request.)</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Elected leaders of the Neighborhood Board # 34</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Hawaii Community Development Authority (Governor Appointed leaders)</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">State Senator(s) of the district and surrounding areas</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">State Representative(s) of the district and surrounding areas</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">City Council Members of the district and surrounding areas</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Adjacent Neighborhood Boards (downstream of potential PCB run-off)</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Hawaiian Cultural leaders in the Ewa area</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Emailing the NavFac PAO office an email auto-response message: I will be out of the office Wednesday, May 31, returning on Monday, June 26. For emergencies, please call the Command Duty Officer. Doing this I was able to contact an officer on the duty deck who said he would look into it. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">How can NAVFAC be accepting public comment on this critical community issue through 22 June 2017, when the NAVFAC PAO email line is bouncing back the following auto-response message: I will be out of the office Wednesday, May 31, returning on Monday, June 26. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">They claim they had a meeting at Kapolei HS in the faculty staff room with a court reporter ready to take testimony. But nobody was aware of this that we could find.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Not one person in the entire community was informed about this Project Plan, including either of the two local neighborhood boards which is where nearly all community projects are presented and questions answered. No one with the Hawaii Community Development Authority were this Navy parcel is located was aware of this plan or the claimed public meeting. A call to all of the local offices of elected officials in the area revealed not one of them or their staff knew about any public meeting. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Many Ewa families use the Nimitz and White Plains beaches on weekends and the Navy rents out cabins on the beach. Many Coast Guard live and work there as well at the base.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">No doubt 99.9% of Ewa community has ever had any idea what was going on inside this gated dumpsite compound compound and what is going on in there that may affect their children’s health and the traditional, cultural food ecosystem there.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Here's what you likely don't know:</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Thermal Desorption Treatment site of PCB-Contaminated Soil, PCB, DDT, Asbestos, Sludge and other hazardous materials brought in to be burned for nearly two decades, maybe more.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Now, the Navy is leaving and wants it off their books and off their inventory. Is what they plan to do sufficient considering future use, site natural, cultural, ecological geography and history?</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Navy Contractor Toxic Disposal Plan</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Stockpiling of Asbestos, PCB and other toxic chemicals for 14 years (or more) without any analysis of heavy rains washing the materials down subsurface karst ancient coral reef waterway channels into the Leeward beach shorelines used for camping, fishing, parties, endangered seals, turtles, limu, etc.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Recent studies found that high levels of lead and other heavy metals on the surface were exposed by recent rains. They very likely have been washing into the shoreline beaches and fisheries for 10-15 years at minimum.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">This site is directly adjacent to a Fish & Wildlife endangered species preserve where school children are regularly taken to observe and care take the rare native plants and Opae Ula native shrimp which live in the same underground coral reef brackish water that comes directly wind borne and via subsurface water from this toxic dump.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><img alt="https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/5Qr7g4YWyqW0X2YvlDSRF-O3DFrnkxfp5IE7NvxnVMw3ec-7hiCV11awT7t8ZUYHuE70hV1Bu_Q1LA1_BBiMCQ6A0M36MYZcgaGhwUKE-ZNF3Z3gbHXjMSRHfALu-mDP7JmQxrTQ" height="591" src="https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/AhimV5sb5ceL8en0hSZd9rsn0525GnWWaqF9oxRpO7V0QRthhRPRMeo0JfCcAxmstkSeVIIlOJgY_i_ipNnpnS0QFl8xitv0gp6M1RlCoCrlLc6im_O-9IdGG3MM1aAn1vGjGYfdhyOdJvYohA" style="-webkit-transform: rotate(0.00rad); border: none; transform: rotate(0.00rad);" width="522" /></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">US Fish & Wildlife Educational Center Wildlife Preserve</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><img height="320" src="https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/AuMRDmB3KjFUVE0DXwXV15fJrK_3WmBv7zH0z124b-IBNvSrIwoze1zKFmHd46wUsdxoKa_gG64vX4M1dd9vsoLnOkSB9mGn1d-sMRmbKfh2kn0g8LeGFg4kSnck1yuvq_GFY4kevkUWOf1K1w" style="-webkit-transform: rotate(0.00rad); border: none; transform: rotate(0.00rad);" width="427" /></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #632423; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">US Fish and Wildlife scientist points towards mountains to show where the water comes from that mixes with the ocean tide. The water runs right through the Navy toxic waste dump where everything toxic has been dumped for 75 years at the bottom of the Navy’s WW-II coral quarry pit.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><img height="320" src="https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/rgSGOs1htfvDRmhOMOFzA5eySwcRRlLlYqQ3gJI1ZSX2YNJ7fNmEV_3drx9pacRdHT03zNOf32PIyKETq3DSVyZdvo_sPzsAFnF4p2WtIHuWdK913GjmWieksuX8Q0SFb_-NWdXTQCrDgWdb1w" style="-webkit-transform: rotate(0.00rad); border: none; transform: rotate(0.00rad);" width="427" /></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><img height="372" src="https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/aMzT7T5VT7gXzRkmOI9mh0jDxioGLvaM42gFwVtAmpP__nu3MMFRBiY88Xv64ZzxH_gbG2RxEoiVv7V-nwpwz1rM4RkYULxk1JqCkja4L1DH8619kSQMAKvanaXcozT2cjbfgFHqGV7B2TgeKw" style="-webkit-transform: rotate(0.00rad); border: none; transform: rotate(0.00rad);" width="519" /></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Opae Ula Hawaiian Fresh Water Shrimp close to being on Endangered Species List</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Karst ponds and underground channels act as storm drains during heavy rains.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #632423; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">The Navy wants to treat the site by covering it up with more soil, but environmental logic and natural karst system water flow says that's not enough.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">June 7, 2017 EPA letter to Navy</span></div>
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<a href="https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2017-06/documents/red-hill-aoc-6-7-ltr-data-summ-data-gap-2017-06-07.pdf" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: blue; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline;">https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2017-06/documents/red-hill-aoc-6-7-ltr-data-summ-data-gap-2017-06-07.pdf</span></a></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">The Regulatory Agencies have thoroughly reviewed these documents and have determined that the Navy continues to demonstrate insufficient understanding of the expertise and level of effort necessary to develop technically defensible environmental assessment and modeling deliverables required by the AOC.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">We continue to encourage the Navy to perform an investigation that can withstand critical scientific scrutiny.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Based upon the Regulatory Agencies' experience working on other similar large scale environmental projects with significant stakeholder and public interest, the Navy does not appear to have the appropriate personnel directing this work.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">The Navy continues to fail to implement an effective iterative approach to data collection and analysis that is typical of large groundwater investigation and modeling projects.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">The Navy should perform an iterative investigation that concurrently investigates and analyses existing and new field data to yield a better understanding of environmental conditions around the facility.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">A Kapolei landfill is more hazardous than initially thought as clean up options, costs vary</span></div>
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<a href="http://www.hawaiinewsnow.com/story/35678630/exclusive-navy-kapolei-landfill-plans-debated" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline;">http://www.hawaiinewsnow.com/story/35678630/exclusive-navy-kapolei-landfill-plans-debated</span></a></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><img alt="https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/Y3xJ9JWIYRC82OLGK88KSflAD07czH8G7HJnTivBo3fb-GJuIfDpwzfavnuTOMF14nsXtVHmWkMVG1nsZ3rRSf_2ZthetOA-m3JEzYNp6yOxvLyd2AnTuv2TG_9vh2fot2NzI1Tq" height="203" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/hLiFrl_Do-we0ZQBUyLxiV9QnlsypYxLfhle0-UM-M1nco0vYSc7F3iKvpqzV2BYjB-vcdsdusOd2ahCbjeeLQWpjFSgctmqCsQKhI-JpgZBr_GyqAOEExi9cZyQ8VCjzExkJsVRFtvzis7IZQ" style="-webkit-transform: rotate(0.00rad); border: none; transform: rotate(0.00rad);" width="427" /></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Ewa Plain Karst Water System as also found worldwide</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #632423; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Surface water is found nearly year around at navy toxic waste dump site because the site is WW-II coral quarry at groundwater –ocean tide level.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><img height="357" src="https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/EvdyauckhbzTf4yeMDnoTpdF-g-U_EVKI-VHJVZDL8l3OL3TyEejpAIA7-gLIcGKeeDrE-1luLecBcd6Jq9Ha8CqgO0Fip5pvvfbzjRv2auD1C0Mu_WeiXvoMPpSSKFlCqK1pWxOjUoFu27AZQ" style="-webkit-transform: rotate(0.00rad); border: none; transform: rotate(0.00rad);" width="378" /></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #632423; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Interview with (former) HCDA director Tony Ching, </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #632423; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">William Cole, Honolulu Star-Advertiser</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">State plans to use sinkhole site to study the area’s past</span></div>
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<a href="http://hawaiitribune-herald.com/news/state/state-plans-use-sinkhole-site-study-area-s-past" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: blue; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline;">http://hawaiitribune-herald.com/news/state/state-plans-use-sinkhole-site-study-area-s-past</span></a></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">“Ordy Pond to me is a very unique parcel, and its value really is for research,” said Anthony Ching, HCDA’s executive director.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">A 2014 study published in American Antiquity by J. Stephen Athens, Timothy M. Rieth and Thomas S. Dye said Ordy Pond “has some almost unique characteristics” in that coring samples can be used to obtain high-resolution chronological and environmental information dating to and beyond the earliest human habitation on Oahu. Using plant remains analysis, the authors concluded colonization may have occurred between A.D. 936 and 1133.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">UH described Ordy Pond’s 44 feet of aquatic sediment as the “best-preserved, continuous, high-resolution Holocene sedimentary record in the Hawaiian Islands, and probably in the central Pacific.”</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">This site is an identifiable ancient natural karst pond and wetlands and ancient Hawaiian habitation area. It was identified as wetlands and ancient Hawaiian sites in the major 1999 Tuggles research down for the closing of the Naval Air Station Barbers point.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">1999 Naval Air Station, Barbers Point, Hawaii, BRAC Disposal and Reuse of Land</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #632423; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">“Ordy Pond is hydraulically connected with the ocean. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #632423; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">The water level fluctuates with the tide.” </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: blue; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gfY3AQAAMAAJ&pg=SA3-PA5&lpg=SA3-PA5&dq=Ordy+Pond&source=bl&ots=dLuc8rgrqW&sig=Y1SFBkg9tlxVs9OjIgC3Ec7FrDE&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjNmcPr4JHVAhXFilQKHUfuDwsQ6AEIWDAL#v=onepage&q=Ordy%20Pond&f=false" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: blue; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline;">https://books.google.com/books?id=gfY3AQAAMAAJ&pg=SA3-PA5&lpg=SA3-PA5&dq=Ordy+Pond&source=bl&ots=dLuc8rgrqW&sig=Y1SFBkg9tlxVs9OjIgC3Ec7FrDE&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjNmcPr4JHVAhXFilQKHUfuDwsQ6AEIWDAL#v=onepage&q=Ordy%20Pond&f=false</span></a></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">2004 Board of Water Supply</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #632423; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">The only (known) surface water feature at Kalaeloa is Ordy Pond. The pond hydraulically connects with the Pacific Ocean and its water surface level fluctuates with the tide.</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><a href="http://oeqc.doh.hawaii.gov/Shared%20Documents/EA_and_EIS_Online_Library/Oahu/2000s/2004-06-23-OA-FEA-KALAELOA-REDEVELOPMENT-TRANSMISSION-MAINS.pdf" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: blue; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline;">http://oeqc.doh.hawaii.gov/Shared%20Documents/EA_and_EIS_Online_Library/Oahu/2000s/2004-06-23-OA-FEA-KALAELOA-REDEVELOPMENT-TRANSMISSION-MAINS.pdf</span></a></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">2003 FEA Army Guard, Kalaeloa </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #632423; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">The only (known) water feature at Kalaeloa is Ordy Pond. The pond hydraulically connects to the Pacific Ocean and its water surface level fluctuates with the tide.</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #632423; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><a href="http://oeqc.doh.hawaii.gov/Shared%20Documents/EA_and_EIS_Online_Library/Oahu/2000s/2003-06-08-OA-FEA-HI-ARMY-NATL-GUARD-KALAELOA.pdf" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: blue; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline;">http://oeqc.doh.hawaii.gov/Shared%20Documents/EA_and_EIS_Online_Library/Oahu/2000s/2003-06-08-OA-FEA-HI-ARMY-NATL-GUARD-KALAELOA.pdf</span></a></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">2014 DEA Kalaeloa Heritage Park</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #632423; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">The pond’s surface area is approximately one acre. Like all anchialine ponds, it is hydraulically connected to the ocean, and the water level fluctuates with the tide.</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #632423; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><a href="http://oeqc.doh.hawaii.gov/Shared%20Documents/EA_and_EIS_Online_Library/Oahu/2010s/2014-07-08-OA-5B-DEA-Kalaeloa-Heritage-Park-Station.pdf" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: blue; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline;">http://oeqc.doh.hawaii.gov/Shared%20Documents/EA_and_EIS_Online_Library/Oahu/2010s/2014-07-08-OA-5B-DEA-Kalaeloa-Heritage-Park-Station.pdf</span></a></div>
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<a href="https://triadcentral.clu-in.org/user/doc/TPP-BarbersPt-Thermal_Trmt.pdf" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline;">https://triadcentral.clu-in.org/user/doc/TPP-BarbersPt-Thermal_Trmt.pdf</span></a></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Thermal Desorption Treatment of PCB-Contaminated Soil.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Former Naval Air Station Barbers Point. Oahu, Hawaii.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Department of the Navy.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">An estimated 26,306 cubic yards of PCB-contaminated soil from 100 sites at various Navy installations on Oahu were sent to the site for treatment. Soil from 21 sites totaling more than 5,600 cubic yards had been excavated and processed through the NAVFAC Kalaeloa site (2003- to ?)</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">PCB Contaminated soils from military bases all over Oahu, including possibly Kaneohe MCBH where there have been lawsuits filed.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #632423; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Navy Dump Site Used By Migratory and Endangered Hawaiian Birds</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">The Navy dump site still has many visits by migratory birds, ducks. They have been gradually bulldozing over it but water keeps appearing. Nearby is an ancient karst water pond but the Navy always denies it as they also deny the hydraulic connectivity Ordy pond has with the ocean tides. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Wild ducks and Hawaiian ae‘o (Stilt) are seen at the site. The Stilt was listed as an endangered species in 1967 under the Federal Endangered Species Act</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><img height="271" src="https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/gehLLsdZs3IejdSqnRgNk4ByT2GzxUtUqEwzsHcp8ZtRF8BBN5g5IbsOKDWC8MEb4Hv4z6zt5tmy_qKCK1idjNUoMuoQXyMgf0GFT2eEz9QEe0QUQnwOOJYRT_DdJuHadLhuHKRcOX57iARZYA" style="-webkit-transform: rotate(0.00rad); border: none; transform: rotate(0.00rad);" width="471" /></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">US Fish & Wildlife Hawaiian ae‘o (Stilt) photo from another Hawaii wetland site</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">What Chemicals Have Been Stockpiled There?</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">PCB- Short for polychlorinated biphenyl</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">.</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> A family of industrial compounds used as lubricants, heat-transfer fluids, and plasticizers. The manufacture and use of PCBs has been restricted since the 1970s because they are very harmful to the environment, being especially deadly to fish and invertebrates, and stay in the food chain for many years. Most of the toxic materials came from WW-II and 50's-60's era Oahu military bases. PCB's are found in old electric power transformers as</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dielectric" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline;">dielectric</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> and</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coolant" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline;">coolant</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> fluids. PCBs as definite carcinogens in humans. The maximum allowable contaminant level in drinking water in the United States is set at zero.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">The North American producer, Monsanto Company, marketed PCBs under the trade name Aroclor from 1930 to 1977. The commercial production of PCBs started in 1929 but their use has been banned or severely restricted in many countries since the 1970s and 80s.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT),</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> DDT</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> and other pesticides had been shown to cause cancer and that their agricultural use was a threat to wildlife, particularly birds. DDE is dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene-breakdown product of DDT.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">DDD (DDT) is dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> are a class of chemicals that occur naturally in coal, crude oil, and gasoline. They also are produced when coal, oil, gas, wood, garbage, and tobacco are burned. Cancer is a primary human health risk of exposure to PAHs.[43] Exposure to PAHs has also been linked with cardiovascular disease and poor fetal development.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH)</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> is a term used to describe a large family of several hundred chemical compounds that originally come from crude oil.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #632423; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Also: </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #632423; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">residual sewage sludge</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #632423; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> (and what ELSE? we don't know)</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Navy admits lapses in Red Hill flow studies</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> By William Cole June 24, 2017</span></div>
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<a href="http://www.staradvertiser.com/2017/06/24/hawaii-news/navy-admits-lapses-in-red-hill-flow-studies/?HSA=304b9c8e9f0c5c558bbad055d7d009ce4a60bb8f" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline;">http://www.staradvertiser.com/2017/06/24/hawaii-news/navy-admits-lapses-in-red-hill-flow-studies/?HSA=304b9c8e9f0c5c558bbad055d7d009ce4a60bb8f</span></a></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and state Department of Health sent a June 7 letter criticizing the Navy for providing too little information on water flow modeling to determine where previously spilled fuel might end up, even though the Navy has spent almost two years on the environmental investigation.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">A better understanding of groundwater flow patterns is a critical step in the investigation of contamination at Red Hill, the EPA said on its website.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">“While most parties agree that groundwater generally flows from the mountains to the ocean, there are specific geologic characteristics in the area around Red Hill that may cause some groundwater to flow in directions other than directly towards the ocean,” the EPA said.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Ground water and contaminants migrates underground through karst channels to the </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">shore and into the sand, tide pools, limu and reef fish food chain</span></div>
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<a href="http://health.hawaii.gov/wastewater/files/2015/09/OSDS_OAHU.pdf" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: blue; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline;">http://health.hawaii.gov/wastewater/files/2015/09/OSDS_OAHU.pdf</span></a></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #632423; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">UH Hawaii water study: On the high end (worst for waste storage) are the coral gravels</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #632423; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">and reef limestones (which what the Ewa Plain is).</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #632423; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">These coral reef remnants have the highest hydraulic conductivities of any formation in Hawaii with estimated values as high as</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">30,000 ft/d (feet a day) based on tidal response analysis</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> (Oki et., 1996).</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Other professional hydrology research shows that the twice a day tide change can be</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">measured up to a mile inland beneath the Ewa Plain.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">All of the toxic chemicals are either absorbed by the native birds, shrimp and plants, or they get flushed into the nearby reef and ocean.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Opae Ula </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">(Holocaridinea rubra)</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">These amazing native shrimp survive under extremely harsh and polluted </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">conditions under the Ewa Plain Karst and </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #660000; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">prove that the entire subsurface</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #660000; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">which hasn't had ALL its karst water ways and caves destroyed by developers</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #660000; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">AND is a physically and hydrologically connected estuary</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">for aquatic life. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">The Large Ewa Karst Cave Destroyed By Developers</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">After A Quick Archaeology Look</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">A sizeable phreatic dissolution cave accidentally opened in 1973 during quarrying </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Kalaeloa Harbor operations ("Site B6-139") was an ''unmodified wet sink-cave". </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Quarry operators deliberately tried to fill this cave before 1977 archaeological and palaeontological salvage studies</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> (Sinoto, 1978, p. 45) but it was too large. . .</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> the west sink(cave) contains well-formed </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">stalagtites (sic) and stalagmites, some of which are subsurface.</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Dredging for the new barge harbor destroyed the most notable cave known in the Ewa Karst </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">without it even receiving a name (Figures 4,5). </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">For unclear reasons, it was rarely even termed </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">a cave and was variously referred to as a "flooded sink", a "wet sink (cave)", etc.</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">It quickly </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">became famous in palaeontological circles because of its content of bones of extinct birds. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #660000; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Then it was destroyed in order to construct the farthest reaches of the barge harbor.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">They also noted water level fluctuations of 40cm (16 inches) even though the cave is almost 2 km from the shore. </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">However it was left to archaeologist Aki Sinoto to provide details about the cave. He termed it </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">"a unique flooded sinkhole'',</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> and found that it measured 11 m in diameter. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Fresh to brackish water filled 2/3 of parts of the cave. A nocturnal marine isopod, blue-green algae, and minute red shrimp (Holocaridinea rubra) were observed </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #660000; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">but the primary finding</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #660000; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">was the rich deposit of intact bones of subfossil and-extinct birds (Sinoto, 1978).</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">FINAL REPORT – MAY 2007 CENTRAL OAHU WATERSHED STUDY</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Page 68: </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">An interesting ecosystem to note within the Ewa Plain is a network of karsts (pit caves, or sinkholes).</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> They could also be termed phreatic caves, which develop below the water table. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">The Ewa Karst is the largest of several karsts on Oahu, but possibly the least studied.</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> There are approximately 12,000 acres of exposed reef from Kahe Point to Puuloa, preserving the remains of ancient plants and animals, particularly shells, extinct birds, and two bats, of which one is new to science. Page 58: The U.S. Geological Survey Ewa Quadrangle shows numerous sinking streams and closed depressions within the karst, some manmade.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Page 70: Some remaining sinkholes of the Ewa Karst are home for öpae ula (Halocaridina rubra), tiny brackish water shrimp. A natural sinkhole with these shrimp is found near Chevron’s Rowland’s Pond preserve. Two to three artificial ponds were dug by the Division of Aquatic Resources (DAR), two of which filled back up with water. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><img height="219" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/5YwXhl6Ep24bZv9BZ5kiAnin6zEAHcKTIkk52F6pxHMeN0R7n4fFziu0quEQX20YhSUPnHjI-voPm2eL0EcdUDH2TaHn21Ke3B8Qb7FOdnW2f51tX-0AQOPwAz9e0lauXyHG4cpxM4JaSB6M8w" style="-webkit-transform: rotate(0.00rad); border: none; transform: rotate(0.00rad);" width="395" /></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><img height="253" src="https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/ax4CmZ66RpGrrw6wVuMBNOWh_LG8eqB9-RNelN6vpqPsROOOwmtOfOA74n1HJQgBynWuo3YaVGjO3mHD-_MNIjnhfkt1_l90JkNkJ8XcRmAi1AvOQ4opiubM-EGbWA6VNLK4MXtagr32Jalndg" style="-webkit-transform: rotate(0.00rad); border: none; transform: rotate(0.00rad);" width="266" /></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><img height="247" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/eG9jiZk84hOTQxa-T08iSTKbCMuwJlva0_GKAhXy0OdLpp-_hW3ocuiVC6EW9Wf7ab5MHf2x7U-CRLpmJSHmoGps8mHU1w94cuNWkqTEEmslATFNm2jOM5WbDa7SRC3CrKbF1dYdwEUiAhsOGQ" style="-webkit-transform: rotate(0.00rad); border: none; transform: rotate(0.00rad);" width="330" /></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">The “Possible Northern Extension” of the Ewa Karst is where the Ewa Plantation intentionally used water sluices (which is well documented) to wash hillside soils down to cover the Karst. In many areas in Ewa the Alluvial soil is only a few feet deep.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">2.9.5.9 Karst Protection:</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> In 2001, the Estate of James Campbell erected a substantial chain-link fence to protect eight acres of karst with at least 100 sinkholes from destruction by nearby quarry operations. Some other areas, “B6-137” and “B6-22” have been fenced due to efforts by former Bishop Museum vertebrate zoologist Alan Zeigler.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Page 234: Receiving surface and ground waters are both susceptible to contamination from these pollutants.</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Contaminants can reach ground water quickly through fractured rock formations or sinkholes in karst areas, such as that found in Ewa. Ground water is more sensitive to contamination in these areas because runoff may pass directly into the subsurface with little if any infiltration through the soil, a process that typically filters at least some pollutants. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Footnote 58: Association of Hawaiian Civic Clubs, </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">“Resolution No. 01-3, Commending the Estate of James Campbell for their Protection of the Ewa Karst Sink Holes,”</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> November 10, 2001, 42nd Annual Convention of the Association of Hawaiian Civic Clubs at Honolulu, Hawai`i,</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Navy admits lapses in Red Hill flow studies</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> By William Cole June 24, 2017</span></div>
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<a href="http://www.staradvertiser.com/2017/06/24/hawaii-news/navy-admits-lapses-in-red-hill-flow-studies/?HSA=304b9c8e9f0c5c558bbad055d7d009ce4a60bb8f" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: blue; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline;">http://www.staradvertiser.com/2017/06/24/hawaii-news/navy-admits-lapses-in-red-hill-flow-studies/?HSA=304b9c8e9f0c5c558bbad055d7d009ce4a60bb8f</span></a></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and state Department of Health sent a June 7 letter criticizing the Navy for providing too little information on water flow modeling to determine where previously spilled fuel might end up, even though the Navy has spent almost two years on the environmental investigation.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">A better understanding of groundwater flow patterns is a critical step in the investigation of contamination at Red Hill, the EPA said on its website.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">“While most parties agree that groundwater generally flows from the mountains to the ocean, there are specific geologic characteristics in the area around Red Hill that may cause some groundwater to flow in directions other than directly towards the ocean,” the EPA said.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><img height="335" src="https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/ZqUKRRRJlINfPxDblzykID9tK-jgMlKDtp0a1hDCXZRecKU9vc2TWvm-IyFLwEKKv6jCatBQduPFqBNQmuEHc74jNOTxOWXt5uoXEczhLfhF24o4qn9VnKmiEad-9seyDq5LprK6NiipQy9FSw" style="-webkit-transform: rotate(0.00rad); border: none; transform: rotate(0.00rad);" width="624" /></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #632423; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">WW-II Construction At Ewa Field Revealed Many Large Karst Caves</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">REFERENCES</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">EPA letter to Navy re Red Hill: </span><a href="https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2017-06/documents/red-hill-aoc-6-7-ltr-data-summ-data-gap-2017-06-07.pdf" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: blue; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline;">https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2017-06/documents/red-hill-aoc-6-7-ltr-data-summ-data-gap-2017-06-07.pdf</span></a></div>
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<a href="https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2017-06/documents/red-hill-aoc-6-7-ltr-data-summ-data-gap-2017-06-07.pdf" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: blue; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline;">Regulatory Agencies' Comments on Existing Red Hill Data Summary and Evaluation Report, and Data Gap Analysis Report (PDF)</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">(10 pp, 5 MB, 06/07/2017) Letter from U.S. EPA, Region 9 and State of Hawaii Department of Health Re: Regulatory Agencies’ comments on “Existing Data Summary and Evaluation Report for Groundwater Flow and Contaminant Fate and Transport Modeling” dated March 5 2017 and “Data Gap Analysis Report, Investigation and Remediation of Releases and Groundwater Protection and Evaluation” dated April 25, 2017. </span></div>
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<a href="https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2016-12/documents/red-hill-aoc-section_6-7_sow_conditional_approval_2_december_2016.pdf" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: blue; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline;">Regulatory Agency Conditional Approval: Revised Section 6&7 SOW 2 December 2016 (PDF)</span></a></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">(4 pp, 599 K, 12/02/2016) Letter from U.S. EPA, Region 9 and State of Hawaii Department of Health re: Conditional Approval of Red Hill AOC SOW Deliverable under Sections 6 & 7 -Work Plan/ Scope of Work, Investigation and Remediation of Releases and Groundwater Protection and Evaluation, Red Hill Bulk Fuel Storage Facility, November 5, 2016 Revision 01 </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">HUMAN AND ENVIRONMENTAL RISK RANKING OF ONSITE SEWAGE DISPOSAL SYSTEMS Final</span></div>
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<a href="http://health.hawaii.gov/wastewater/files/2015/09/OSDS_OAHU.pdf" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: blue; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline;">http://health.hawaii.gov/wastewater/files/2015/09/OSDS_OAHU.pdf</span></a></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Robert B. Whittier and Aly I. El-Kadi, December 2009, PREPARED FOR State of Hawaii, Department of Health Safe Drinking Water Branch. Principal Investigator: Aly I. El-Kadi, School of School of Ocean and Earth Science Technology, Department of Geology and Geophysics, University of Hawai‘i at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawai‘i 96822</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">FINAL REPORT – MAY 2007 CENTRAL OAHU WATERSHED STUDY</span></div>
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<a href="http://www.boardofwatersupply.com/files/Central_Oahu_Watershed_Study.pdf" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: blue; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline;">http://www.boardofwatersupply.com/files/Central_Oahu_Watershed_Study.pdf</span></a></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Prepared For: Honolulu Board of Water Supply U.S. Army Corps of Engineers</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">City and County of Honolulu Department of Environmental Services, Prepared By:</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Oceanit Townscape, Inc. Eugene Dashiell</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">"Evaluation of Major Dike Impounded Ground-Water Reservoirs, Oahu, Hawaii" USGS Water Paper 2217;</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> Takasaki and Mink (1985); should be included in the list of referenced reports. </span><a href="https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/wsp2217" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: blue; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline;">https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/wsp2217</span></a></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Ea O Ka Aina: Hawaiian wetlands for Navy dump</span></div>
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<a href="http://islandbreath.blogspot.com/2017/06/hawaiian-wetlands-for-navy-dump.html" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: blue; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline;">http://islandbreath.blogspot.com/2017/06/hawaiian-wetlands-for-navy-dump.html</span></a></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Kanehili News: Ancient Hawaiian Wetlands - Navy Chemical Dump</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span><a href="http://kanehili.blogspot.com/2017/06/wetlands-navy-chemical-dump.html" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: blue; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline;">http://kanehili.blogspot.com/2017/06/wetlands-navy-chemical-dump.html</span></a></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">More Suits Filed Over Fears Of Toxic Soil At Marine Corps Base Hawaii</span></div>
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<a href="http://www.civilbeat.org/2016/12/more-suits-filed-over-fears-of-toxic-soil-at-marine-corps-base-hawaii/" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: blue; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline;">http://www.civilbeat.org/2016/12/more-suits-filed-over-fears-of-toxic-soil-at-marine-corps-base-hawaii/</span></a></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">“Since at least 2006, defendants have systematically failed to warn military families of pesticide contamination at MCBH and knowingly and intentionally exposed military families at MCBH to unsafe conditions including higher rates of cancer and other adverse health outcomes without disclosing these risks to military families or taking sufficient steps to protect military families from such risks,”</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">The concerns about potential soil contamination date to 2006, when Ohana Military Communities (then a subsidiary of Forest City) was demolishing homes and buildings. The developer discovered high levels of organochlorine pesticides left over from termite treatments.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Forest City completed a state Department of Health-approved pesticide management plan, which allowed for higher levels of carcinogenic pesticides than the Environmental Protection Agency generally recommends to remain in the surface soil. It was assumed that military families would not live on the base longer than six years, given the frequency or relocations.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: yellow; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">But residents also began to report problems with asthma, cancer and birth defects.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Guam lawsuit says Navy should pay its share of dump cleanup</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span><a href="https://www.stripes.com/news/pacific/guam-lawsuit-says-navy-should-pay-its-share-of-dump-cleanup-1.457398#.WVlyT1Fujkg" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: blue; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline;">https://www.stripes.com/news/pacific/guam-lawsuit-says-navy-should-pay-its-share-of-dump-cleanup-1.457398#.WVlyT1Fujkg</span></a></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Guam has filed a lawsuit against the Navy, claiming the service is partially responsible for environmental contamination at a closed landfill once used for municipal and military waste.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">In 2002, the U.S. government sued Guam under the Clean Water Act, saying that discharge from the unlined and uncapped landfill was leaking into the Lonfit River and two of its tributaries, the complaint said filed by Guam Attorney General Elizabeth Barrett-Anderson.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">This eventually led Guam to agree to close the landfill and shoulder the burden to repair the environmental damage, which included capping the landfill, installing stormwater management ponds, discharge water storage tanks and a sewer line. That work began in 2013 and continues today.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">A rare look inside a stalactite rich karst cave on Oahu with sparkly white Calcite</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: blue; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><img alt="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgYIbccK4tA24YUtaDn2Tyw5oRybyORAtuwS9XOg3kywO8w0oRBV1NFy1gIjhIOq_9jUE9iWd5P69ZPHjU1jfnC7AM4asVJ8femks9Zr_8PKAGcy3cEGPPhNSLp29_y3IaVMXr9KWP_3PgB/s1600/Laie11.jpg" height="202" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/tnWRAYvu5ZPIkofCLss2TRrPeHnQEcf1e3awPlTB5z5B1mawwQbPWgq97VXHHn0MzZLh8xDWHVJueuYOk2oI_wvIljM_cAowDgqDAGZAS3NljxO--Ld0iRHP8AI4B-UHryAigLKstS1OqpEwYQ" style="-webkit-transform: rotate(0.00rad); border: none; transform: rotate(0.00rad);" width="339" /></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Calcite laden Oahu karst cave subsequently covered over forever by a land fill.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: blue; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><img alt="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi0PnokFCBpMgHnAxZvd9wKWosKyiNdv259ujyZpYHuIRV5feEjaH-3FKUUYs1bSeoS3DMMDs44P1g7e8Uzd3grTJ0pyQEhyphenhyphenaGYR5PeSuL4O69_sk4IDhoNsA9T0ZlNqoPkz4ErK232jhfv/s1600/Laie12.jpg" height="204" src="https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/yC9XVKtL-rfudGyNYkKZlgo7KYRM356rWrKQPCRWWrNHzGtbFOCLzjSH5KXHkw5QXoe-oCeKAlpqSBbEB9Qfekw221nVIIXXMXdrW3p_cPMmbBT0-GxZtcjmCizUFOyVjQj44JMpdBPK1P1jcg" style="-webkit-transform: rotate(0.00rad); border: none; transform: rotate(0.00rad);" width="402" /></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">A Kapolei landfill is more hazardous than initially thought as clean up options, costs vary </span><a href="http://www.hawaiinewsnow.com/story/35678630/exclusive-navy-kapolei-landfill-plans-debated" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: blue; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline;">http://www.hawaiinewsnow.com/story/35678630/exclusive-navy-kapolei-landfill-plans-debated</span></a></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">More feedback sought for Navy’s landfill cleanup proposal</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">By William Cole, Honolulu Star-Advertiser,</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span><a href="http://www.staradvertiser.com/2017/06/27/hawaii-news/more-feedback-sought-for-navys-landfill-cleanup-proposal/" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: blue; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline;">http://www.staradvertiser.com/2017/06/27/hawaii-news/more-feedback-sought-for-navys-landfill-cleanup-proposal/</span></a></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">The Navy is extending the public comment period on a proposal to spend $1.2 million to reduce potential exposure to chemicals at a Barbers Point landfill where asbestos and burned waste were dumped between 1942 and 1997. The surface soil contains antimony, lead and hydrocarbons that exceed state Department of Health standards, the Navy said. The Navy is proposing to add cover material, put in place erosion control measures and add perimeter warning signs at the site.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #ffe599; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Under The Radar: Ancient Ewa Freshwater Karst Pond Wetlands- Navy PCB Toxic Waste Dump</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #ffe599; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><img alt="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/iGRpVTzWSCBggfk7DTRQMEDpdnNXAy8HYzsYnxLLIRm1hgsRYn6f5LBcRHSmy-4TM-0CYoTK9maMa6uUZ-gGzeCu-K12Q_9uyelw1lzMAB8bsfbzMSKJnmGKIOf2I6fMvI-GHZUB" height="164" src="https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/1uW56UsW-ocl8C1Dr44WkwyzwKBIyTKty6eLGx-dCkAbP30jD8AuXLK_rbGLE1zQXO6QtqAuI8YbSWvko5jrCXM82fkZI6CtpmqsA_V4hLPEsCIhK8MLwtSTMPU805uHOW-tHbnTux6Ui3MasQ" style="-webkit-transform: rotate(0.00rad); border: none; transform: rotate(0.00rad);" width="261" /></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">1928 Army Air Corps Photo shows ancient karst water pond directly next to Navy toxic waste dump. The area was an identified wetlands and Hawaiian habitation area by Navy BRAC 1999 Tuggles.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">The already fragile Ewa Plain ecosystem based on natural clean water will be destroyed.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><img height="273" src="https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/iFk9V6PSxpgyX3Rh1sEAusZ4GSQnXTdg54u0CfKlL9ZfHVId3zuSKY9Gl0JS8pkUpjs3R8MfdyoR8wKo4eYEnkKQsGzvrBlxPt7leg6kYlrN7PMnrSaNfM8FWSVIaJwpEoE0KJ_o1uSp8qX5FA" style="-webkit-transform: rotate(0.00rad); border: none; transform: rotate(0.00rad);" width="431" /></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">1928 USGS Map based on Army Air Corps photos and ground reconnaissance </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><img height="189" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/trMqQM_7FwjrrXxx9kNeV6-GB5y4jXRdPkKJPu5s9VpOdbIxMEnJsumCrqWkfQNXVAsW1cbkMon3uHHMbgM2xlAq0hE1mJQU7HKkVz7bDMOUKSXm1Da-fayHW9boexLGiqrviRRB6uioWK1BwA" style="-webkit-transform: rotate(0.00rad); border: none; transform: rotate(0.00rad);" width="456" /></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">1936 Army Map shows karst pond and wetlands areas.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #ffe599; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><img alt="https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/Cvhb2rPKxiz8hVXssyJG79e9Mm4CuJ_e6_vAFcOlUhJkRdotSQqySqqMgYn4xDO_0QiqWxkqU4FS-HzNOXRN6cqaIYhis6UBUW-8UM4pWBM7ekuXgI89WRN6mYc7uz7QS-GQseJ8" height="203" src="https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/B0jMxRGaFgq32Ja-w6HgHm9aSChwwrHayJMHZkjlUn3NSm9zdzyKbu4Rfs_QzXxNw4pqf1eZjP5Ral6H7rzcDk4VVKcJwaUstSRUiaHIovbKMqD7XB9cf4uNZv7tr2o_ovNplkUoPAD1oIHAYA" style="-webkit-transform: rotate(0.00rad); border: none; transform: rotate(0.00rad);" width="427" /></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">1938 USGS Map shows the various ancient karst water ponds on the Ewa Plain</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #ffe599; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><img alt="https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/8z2OGzyUiYJKqUHbBYnK5LUzF8DoVxgWlzkZ7zxMPYEfaYAc3Rk9r89QDNtuJC2vhnmQKFYp3apBR_h-fameOFoCKOgKgigqCzKWrSaz00nOGuuB-KHF4C0_6KhqSBxV83D7PxTN" height="319" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/0sVeMXUOWKHwgDUaKep8CIbg3pyhNLMDqKpz1hOu6viTZBB--SN292x3DsU13rKQcaFlLkokI1nKvMLvguKnaizWY8KddBXPFbyP4fQA7TUfK4SHc06jErH2UBdmausYmnNP-tQwxtZ8MlgxdQ" style="-webkit-transform: rotate(0.00rad); border: none; transform: rotate(0.00rad);" width="427" /></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Hawaiian habitation site - Wetlands, Navy BRAC 1999 Tuggles Report</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: blue; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><img alt="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgSiHkJJEdQ8XpdJdFuE3Ag3kLsOkp8FyfazMreDONRHSGiHsiHCPEW7xJEDEMIfBazsXwxkIqvYI5aEW8udS0BY5ijm5d4lQ-bj6vT81dRNUFbZp75jSRUAmeU6_MVzsPpexDnUTTh5ylL/s1600/Hoakalei-Offshore1.jpg" height="233" src="https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/bm5nWRBmAjr1wISuO7EaRzAYRGsWNyt_vf3XBctTHQvknyW-e7xDYiQaLo-BOQdQfSZaAauk8wugcAPVcvK3TVxw03AV1yQmfFDSzVznRsg0TCPvpZp1sTtbdrwzVqGmcYgXBRGInCblgzac0g" style="-webkit-transform: rotate(0.00rad); border: none; transform: rotate(0.00rad);" width="346" /></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Underground water emerges into the reef from Ewa Plain </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #660000; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">submarine karst caves</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">. These water outlets produced abundant fisheries supporting native Hawaiians, fisheries, natural ecosystems.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">This air photo shows a massive reef “blue hole” directly below the Navy chemical dump site.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Hiding this from the public for at least 14 years (and recently revealed 76 years as a waste dump) with an under the radar "public notice" for comment, the Ewa-Kapolei community was shocked and surprised - no neighborhood board notice, no political reps apparently notified - HCDA apparently not notified.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Because of previous bad publicity and a lawsuit on Guam the Navy apparently did not want to bring this issue to the Ewa Community’s attention.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">The recent SECOND Navy open house requested by a member of the Kapolei-Makakilo neighborhood board and staged at Ewa Public Library shows that this is a 76 year old dump, begun in 1942 and the only "protective" measure was capping with sand and gravel and later dirt, which all failed after heavy rains. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">This dump site has never had a liner</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">, with many materials dumped in the bottom of a coral quarry with a ground water table at the quarry bottom. There has never been any analysis of the karst water transport system or what effect this likely has had on the Nimitz and White Plains beach areas, fisheries, seals, birds, F&W wildlife preserve, etc.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #984806; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">This dump site is in an ancient area known as Kanehili</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">An open kula land, noted in tradition for its association with Kaupe‘a, and as a place of wandering spirits. Cited in the tradition of Hi‘iaka-i-ka-poli-o-Pele and in historical narratives.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #984806; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><img height="353" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/a4VnBb2RYQpa5Z2wJjsLH8gcRf0pPRAUDR75rqRnZnThYuwc555WSdImAZhhAglGsXidEgl-F4FNqbgckDoNfAjvYeES0C31GkU97XayZT_BbIZ6tACsd6WJP6-dzrbWB_d2loMlD4Y_8xmyAQ" style="-webkit-transform: rotate(0.00rad); border: none; transform: rotate(0.00rad);" width="488" /></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #984806; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Of the Honouliuli coral plains McAllister (44, site 146) says: ‘…It is probable that the holes and pits in the coral were formerly used by the Hawaiians. Frequently the soil on the floor of the larger pits was used for cultivation, and even today one comes upon bananas and Hawaiian sugar cane still growing in them.’ (Handy 1940:82)</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">The Synthesis of Cultural Resource Studies of the ‘Ewa Plain by Dave and Myra Tuggle</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Dave and Myra Tomonari-Tuggle of IARII, under a contract with Belt Collins Hawaii, published a Synthesis identifies much of the former Barbers Point NAS (including MCAS Ewa) as Kanehili.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Final Environmental Assessment Disposal and Reuse of Surplus Property at Naval Air Station Barbers Point, O‘ahu, Hawai‘i</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">, August 2011, Department of the Navy, Base Realignment and Closure Program Management Office stated regarding former NAS Barbers Point lands:</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #984806; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">“Open Space/Recreation. This land area would be comprised of mostly passive open space land uses and preserve/cultural park space. These parcels contain a relatively high density of cultural and archaeological sites.”</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><img height="429" src="https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/eWEZwyVJ8vYPjSjO8EE7JgKV22uE1IqMCTkGIAcq-g12InPKQeP8h4pm_k4faDYQQGvFYAX221XTLLF8CiWq7t-fay4JG5Uv9cJS4A7b8EPFTCIVq5fQ4XH0spf0A61nc1DCOiZ17Aqp4P4Wzw" style="-webkit-transform: rotate(0.00rad); border: none; transform: rotate(0.00rad);" width="432" /></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Above – 1941 Marine Ewa Airfield Report of Large Ancient Subterranean Caverns</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">During the field survey for the Kalaeloa Solar Farm a verbal report from a contractor stated that boring data at the Ewa Field panhandle site revealed a large 9 foot deep hole which had been filled back to level during Ewa airfield construction. This information matches with Ewa Field USMC Command History which stated that the area had numerous "Subterranean Caverns." </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">We also have both historic military documentation, air photos and ground surveys to document this area as having hundreds if not thousands of karst caves and sinkholes. Some have Hawaiian burials, some have agricultural crops in them. Water can be seen in them after heavy rains.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">NAS Barbers Point Traditional cultural properties are NPS National Register eligible...</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">One kind of cultural significance a property may possess, and that may make it eligible for inclusion in the Register, is traditional cultural significance. "Traditional" in this context refers to those beliefs, customs, and practices of a living community of people that have been passed down through the generations, usually orally or through practice. The traditional cultural significance of a historic property, then, is significance derived from the role the property plays in a community's historically rooted beliefs, customs, and practices.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Sinkholes in the general area were utilized as natural planters for kalo (taro, dry-land variety), temporary shelters, storage features, and sources of water. The Kalaeloa lands were likely to have been planted in ‘ulu (breadfruit), liliko‘i (passion fruit), niu (coconut along the beach area), and two types of mai‘a (banana). Additionally, birds (today extinct or nearly so) were trapped for feathers in or near to the area, including the ae‘o (Himantopus mexicanus knudseni), i‘iwi (Vestiaria coccinea), ‘apapane (Himatione sanguine), and the mamo (Drepanis pacifica).</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">More contemporary cultural practices taking place in the area have included the gathering of ‘uha loa (Waltheria indica) for traditional Hawaiian medicine and ‘alae (red clay) for coloring salt, medicine, dye, and spiritual purification.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><img height="377" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/0CTxaGVCkFXJqg9hTKbf86n5a2NDhA8emairfODEN-mdfn2sSNxztA-_sIaktXYiqqNgeVBDo7VI1v1BBwXfC1sAji6Z_3dRY3cmpcV9t_EA8BUQS0RlSaLbBkukj_glOPa0IiThaOTNafSDyg" style="-webkit-transform: rotate(0.00rad); border: none; transform: rotate(0.00rad);" width="505" /></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #632423; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">CULTURAL LANDSCAPE REPORT SHOULD BE DONE ON THIS NAVY KARST DUMP SITE – Site meets historic landscape criteria</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">A Cultural Landscape Report (CLR) is the primary report that documents the history, significance and treatment of a cultural landscape. A CLR evaluates the history and integrity of the landscape including any changes to its geographical context, features, materials, and use.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 14pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">A CLR will often yield new information about a landscape's historic significance and integrity, even for those already listed on the National Register. Where appropriate, National Register files should be amended to reflect the new findings.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Executive Order 12898 directs federal agencies to make achieving environmental justice part of its mission.</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">The EO emphasizes the importance of NEPA's public participation process, directing that each Federal agency shall provide opportunities for community input in the NEPA process. Agencies are further directed to identify potential effects and mitigation measures in consultation with affected communities.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Traditional Hawaiian Trails Run through the Dump Site Area</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">In the Ewa Kalaeloa Cultural Context, from a larger International Archeological Research Institute Cultural Resource Inventory of NASBP, MCAS Ewa, by the (Tuggles, Denfeld, Yoklavich, MAI, 1997) there is put forth that a major feature of pre-Contact and early Contact Honouliuli, was the Kualaka‘i Trail, identified by Lt. Malden in an 1825 map featuring the south coast of O‘ahu. This prominent trail once connected Honouliuli Village to the coastal settlements of Oneula and Kualaka‘i, and would have been crucial to life on the ‘Ewa Plain and its coast. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">During the early Western contact era of Kanehili there was first ranching</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Wild cattle and domestic cattle and cattle ranches. Kanehili was also once a ranch, and had paniolo horse trails throughout the area to manage the cattle and fences. Staying on fixed trails was very important as the area has vast numbers of sinkholes, some difficult to see in the grass and brush in the Kanehili ranchlands.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">In 1942 the area became Naval Air Station Barbers point. WW-II caused a major expansion of the base and the original cattle ranch roads were used to access and construct aircraft runways from coral pits dug into the ancient karst limestone reef. This where the Navy began officially using the ancient wetlands and habitation area as a general base dump.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">It is very likely that the probability of encountering subsurface archaeological deposits increases with proximity to where ancient trails, wetlands and pond was located as the sinkholes provided water, planting and burial sites.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 14pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">The International Archeological Research Institute Cultural Resource Inventory of NASBP, MCAS Ewa, by the (Tuggles, Denfeld, Yoklavich, MAI, 1997) indicates many such archeological sites, trails, habitation sites, burial remains, etc exist in the former Naval Air Station.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">In the Environmental Assessment done for the nearby DHHL Ka Makana Ali`i Cultural Impact Assessment (CIA) by Pacific Legacy states</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">: "interviewee also recalls the existence of at least one ahu (shrine) in the general area, which was dedicated to agriculture. This ahu ‘aina was made of stacked waterworn basalt boulders and cobbles, likely collected from a nearby stream bed, that stood up to five feet tall and possibly as wide as it was tall with a circular plan view. On these ahu, devotees, including the interviewee, would leave offerings to show appreciation for these natural resources and respect for the divine."</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Likely Discovery of New Sinkholes, Caves, Hawaiian burials or Disassociated Iwi Remains</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">The Ewa Kalaeloa Cultural Context, from a larger International Archeological Research Institute Cultural Resource Inventory of NASBP, MCAS Ewa, by the (Tuggles, Denfeld, Yoklavich, MAI,</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">1997) states: </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">(Native Hawaiian) Burials- High potential for discovery of additional remains in dunes, habitation and untested sinkholes that may have been covered by base construction</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #632423; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Cultural Deposits - High potential for discovery of cultural deposits in dunes, habitation and untested sinkholes in areas with demolished surface features.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Haven spoken with various well regarded archeologists they all agree that the last real cultural history and archeology study of the Kanehili area, which was done in 1999, is way out of date. There is still the great likelihood of many archeological sites which have been overlooked, especially below ground caves and sinkholes, which could likely contain iwi.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Horse riders at Barbers Point stables describe many sinkholes throughout the area and the reason why they must stay on proscribed trails when riding.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Past USMC Ewa Field Command History describes karst caves as large as railway box cars.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Chapter 200 - Environmental Impact Statement Rules HAR § 11-200</span></div>
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<a href="http://gen.doh.hawaii.gov/sites/har/AdmRules1/11-200.htm" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: blue; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline;">http://gen.doh.hawaii.gov/sites/har/AdmRules1/11-200.htm</span></a></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">"Effects" or "impacts" as used in this chapter are synonymous. Effects may include ecological effects (such as the effects on natural resources and on the components, structures, and functioning of affected ecosystems), aesthetic effects, historic effects, cultural effects, economic effects, social effects, or health effects, whether primary, secondary, or cumulative.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">"Environment" means humanity's surroundings, inclusive of all the physical, economic, cultural, and social conditions that exist within the area affected by a proposed action, including land, human and animal communities, air, water, minerals, flora, fauna, ambient noise, and objects of historic or aesthetic significance.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">"Environmental impact" means an effect of any kind, whether immediate or delayed, on any component of the environment.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Under the EIS Rules “impacts” are far broader and more inclusive than “significant impacts” as defined under HEPA. The EIS Rules define “impacts”/“effects” as including “primary, secondary, or cumulative” effects. “Secondary impacts” are defined as follows:</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> "Secondary impact" or "secondary effect" or "indirect impact" or "indirect effect" means effects which are caused by the action and are later in time or farther removed in distance, but are still reasonably foreseeable. Indirect effects may include growth inducing effects and other effects related to induced changes in the pattern of land use, population density or growth rate, and related effects on air and water and other natural systems, including ecosystems.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">"Cumulative impacts” are defined as follows:</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">“Cumulative impact” means the impact on the environment which results from the incremental impact of the action when added to other past, present, and reasonably foreseeable future actions regardless of what agency or person undertakes such other actions. Cumulative impacts can result from individually minor but collectively significant actions taking place over a period of time. HAR § 11-200-2. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Secondary and cumulative impact analysis occurs in three significant steps under the EIS Rules: (1) when applying for an exemption, (2) when preparing an EA, and (3) when preparing an EIS. If this analysis is missing or lacking, the permit granting authority must deny the requisite request by the applicant.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">SECNAVINST 4000.35A, Section 4.b </span></div>
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<a href="https://portal.navfac.navy.mil/portal/page/portal/NAVFAC/NAVFAC_WW_PP/NAVFAC_HQ_PP/NAVFAC_ENV_PP/NAVFAC_BDD_CULTURALRSRC_PP" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: blue; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline;">https://portal.navfac.navy.mil/portal/page/portal/NAVFAC/NAVFAC_WW_PP/NAVFAC_HQ_PP/NAVFAC_ENV_PP/NAVFAC_BDD_CULTURALRSRC_PP</span></a></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Protection of the nation's heritage is an essential part of the Department of the Navy (DON) mission - defense of the people, territory, institutions and heritage of the United States. According to SECNAVINST 4000.35A, Section 4.b</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">, "The DON is a large scale owner of historic buildings, districts, archeological sites, ships, aircraft and other cultural resources. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Protection of these components of the nation's heritage is an essential part of the defense mission, and the DON is committed to responsible cultural resources stewardship." SECNAVINST 4000.35A establishes policy and assigns responsibilities within the Department of the Navy for fulfilling legally required cultural resource requirements.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">KANEHILI CULTURAL AND ARCHEOLOGICAL REFERENCES</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">2001 </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Identification of Native Hawaiian Traditional Cultural Properties</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">, Navy Region Hawaii. Prepared for the Department of the Navy. International Archaeological Research Institute, Inc.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">1999 </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Cultural Resource Management Plan: Naval Air Station, Barbers Point.</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> Prepared for Department of the Navy, Pearl Harbor, Hawaii under contract with Belt Collins Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii. International Archaeological Research Institute, Inc., Honolulu.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">1997 (Tuggle, J.S. Athens, J. Ward, and David Welch) </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Environment, Vegetation Change, and Early Human Settlement on the ‘Ewa Plain: A Cultural Resource Inventory of Naval Air Station, Barbers Point, O‘ahu, Hawai‘i. Part III: Paleoenvironmental Investigations</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">. Prepared for Belt Collins Hawaii. International Archaeological Research Institute, Inc., Honolulu.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">1997 The ‘Ewa Plain. </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Hawaiian Archaeology</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> 6:8-36.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">1997 </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Synthesis of Cultural Resource Studies of the ‘Ewa Plain, O‘ahu.</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> Prepared for Belt Collins Hawaii and the U.S. Navy. International Archaeological Research Institute, Inc., Honolulu.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">1996 (Tuggle, S. Wickler) </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">A Cultural Resource Inventory of Naval Air Station, Barbers Point, O‘ahu, Hawai‘i; Part II: Phase II Inventory Survey of Selected Sites.</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> Task 2b: Archaeological Research Services for the Proposed Cleanup, Disposal and Reuse of Naval Air Station, Barbers Point, O`ahu, Hawai`i . Prepared for Belt Collins Hawaii. International Archaeological Research Institute, Inc.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">1996 </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Cultural Resource Management Plan: Naval Air Station, Barbers Point, O‘ahu, Hawai‘i</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">. Task 3d: Archaeological Research Services for the Proposed Cleanup, Disposal, and Reuse of Naval Air Station, Barbers Point, O‘ahu, Hawai‘i. Prepared for Belt Collins Hawaii. International Archaeological Research Institute, Inc.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">1995 </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Archaeological Inventory Survey for Construction Projects at Naval Air Station, Barbers Point, O`ahu, Hawai`i</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">. Prepared for Belt Collins Hawaii and the U.S. Navy. International Archaeological Research Institute, Inc., Honolulu.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">1995 (Tuggle and C. Erkelens) </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Interpretive Trail Development Study, NAS Barbers Point.</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> Appendix F, in H. David Tuggle, Archaeological Inventory Survey for Construction Projects at Naval Air Station Barbers Point. Prepared for Belt Collins Hawaii. International Archaeological Research Institute, Inc., Honolulu.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">1995 </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">A Cultural Resource Inventory of Naval Air Station, Barbers Point, O‘ahu, Hawai‘i: Part I:</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> Phase I Survey and Inventory Summary. Archaeological research services for the proposed cleanup, disposal and reuse of Naval Air Station, Barbers Point, O‘ahu, Hawai‘i (Task 2a). Prefinal report prepared for Belt Collins Hawaii, Honolulu. International Archaeological Research Institute, Inc., Honolulu.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">1994 </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Cultural Resources of Naval Air Station, Barbers Point: Summary, Assessment and Research Design</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">. Prepared for Belt Collins Hawaii and the U.S. Navy. International Archaeological Research Institute, Inc., Honolulu.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">1991 </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Archaeological Survey of Two Demonstration Trails of the Hawaii Statewide Trail and Access System.</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> Prepared for Na Ala Hele Statewide Trails and Access Program, Department of Land and Natural Resources. International Archaeological Research Institute, Inc., Honolulu.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><img alt="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/Z4tgFZwzCN6KHkTsm22twgdEctRpf49NJrBVWCsKTXp4XolJeC0hNRazICU3h8A5yaJ8oukaJN9SuQeFT4XoS0-UTk71s2mrUGCKfi6iUIs1y8u--Qibn82ghWrCuKcf9s81zb0E" height="280" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/3UGfl9AxMTNOiTmH2X6ACUqPyazLyFEi-qBNUHbSAnmLP-KaBHft2Yls5l9YQUqVLrPmZlxSMRTBVVE-AQC_V6s6id_ZpsbDU365GDIShZVUeSTkVxnwuwiMkYQ8uitcI23JDpfBYVtmTpEgUg" style="-webkit-transform: rotate(0.00rad); border: none; transform: rotate(0.00rad);" width="484" /></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">The Navy remediation plan actually only covers a small part of this dump site area</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Subsurface ground water traveling through the karst springs up through the coral quarry pit and moves water throughout the Navy dump site and into the nearby beaches, reef and ocean. The daily tides also move water back and forth underground twice a day.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><img alt="https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/GeET-aJ_JdMUEI6sLG42Q3lZn5JXJjuil4rHHH8olz8Yp8QT3HyobTB1pNt9OzsleBIe6VZJfqWpO29Mr40b2Sevz4V7yJ6GOW2x_q7ZuPj7lBktH_3mmJX2RHGKmus4l1WrCDsS" height="219" src="https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/ZytIlgfDQKhtzfGvc86_uoA99atqu6f6XqZHallKEJLhHp0JoJmJ65Z3pezUbGfX5eY2cceOrRboPD6tDWnECLhkg1S8CVnnQjyXrv_KsUn9_ttF4AUR54UYoXfAeb0K0c0ofEtUE4f9YhbLxg" style="-webkit-transform: rotate(0.00rad); border: none; transform: rotate(0.00rad);" width="427" /></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Overlay shows a 1928 air photo on the closed former naval air station and the </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">adjacent ancient karst water ponds.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><img alt="https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/DQHaMbJCmO96kwtF9je4qNCf8g0WRm_LsulPvxVilQBzpxyNX7DKmxHki4dAcSoeQcp1DvItHd78jQABgxxHV5xiCbTEwzCW1t3PbuqWfYlVmJ7r9e9ZqHvopEfFlWXqrXRm9anA" height="226" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/1QJPWqZn446BsuCTV46RP0TdoadtEG526yft2DMMkuxBvmfysivzRreXSfyT5I1ch4y9bIU8_y7tigAS9uwX7MiyrMCOIWYrQ8mYJY_DknkpWHXeBNHAgYVGhAjy7lkoykc-9OoLyQofRx3lnQ" style="-webkit-transform: rotate(0.00rad); border: none; transform: rotate(0.00rad);" width="453" /></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #632423; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">The 1928 air photo also shows the very distinctive submarine water outlets which created highly prolific coastal sealife and fisheries which all feed in the rich freshwater nutrients - today this is all being killed off and turned into an underwater desert</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><img alt="https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/PcWKqtWwztSuQE4OcQz4mB8NK1kIObyRJU53BYbCESgfKEnw868-0mp6vk3_EILySo-RskCDL3RSDGtSsC-ozopzBivP-X2fDQ9lKKoA7E_PB-R1ivw6aYjd53HRGDprtgJyV1RF" height="272" src="https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/gsUBLLcGj0H_osjNWMMJrM8SQ549L0WWK1awwHe7oc4tEOHL7Zbyf40Pml1zFqlcrZa60RXRpoRSFfn5Swn0WiwpAapznXfcpwfdVYyfP4VEqgu43LQ7O3A_Oeinsu3iKzDQ1vW_gkYx1jFGbw" style="-webkit-transform: rotate(0.00rad); border: none; transform: rotate(0.00rad);" width="409" /></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Top circle shows ancient karst pond. Today the water floods into the Navy quarry site</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Water stands nearly year around because the entire area was a known wetlands before </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">the WW-II base was built and also noted in Navy NRAC and 1943 Army engineer maps</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">WW-II Navy quarry site floods with periodic subsurface water after heavy rains</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><img alt="https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/TAnzrIWMTosYWzqHwkZqV2t3m1NLJwhTZs6Et9X-gKu8EddGYsT0DxmqzHoWPza8R7CjNyeP6WTdOnRV8dcBe6oqU5bAbSS9bUoqbZETjPBkKq1b0uNAay0Vxju1xs0leP-PJQx0" height="238" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/mUzL5nsY-p2eioTgj1PMhbipzJgjzSDugqcvyxnrF0HBKnbGaAb1XvIFOyxzhtSWBDNoHlsTGU3zsOqxb1rLU7aKitVSnvBRmjQ-ePYnq9mViXigFnIFkpxL5ucSTui2LEh00ns0fvtxp9M1kg" style="-webkit-transform: rotate(0.00rad); border: none; transform: rotate(0.00rad);" width="410" /></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 18pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Navy seeks comment on waste mitigation plan</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Honolulu Star-Advertiser 16 Jun 2017 By William Cole wcole@staradvertiser.com</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">The Navy is seeking public comment on a proposal to spend $1.2 million to reduce potential exposure to chemicals at a Barbers Point landfill where asbestos and burned municipal waste were in trash dumped between 1942 and 1997. Surface soil contains antimony, lead and hydrocarbons that exceed state Department of Health action levels, the Navy said. The Navy is proposing to add cover material, put in place erosion control measures, add perimeter warning signs and conduct a review every five years at the industrial site in an old coral pit south of Runway 11 at Kalaeloa Airport.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Under the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act, also known as Superfund, the Navy is responsible for the investigation and cleanup of contamination resulting from its past operations.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Karst Systems Covered Under US Clean Water Act</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">"An unbroken surface or shallow sub-surface hydrologic connection to</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">jurisdictional waters may be established by a physical feature or</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">discrete conveyance that supports periodic flow between the wetland</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">and a jurisdictional water. Water does not have to be continuously</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">present in this hydrologic connection and the flow between the wetland</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">and the jurisdictional water may move in either or both directions.</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 14pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">The hydrologic connection need not itself be a water of the U.S. A</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">shallow subsurface hydrologic connection is lateral water flow through</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">a shallow subsurface layer, such as may be found in steeply sloping</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">forested areas with shallow soils, soils with a restrictive horizon,</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #660000; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">or in karst systems."</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 14pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: blue; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><img alt="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjGtK_wXnGSU66aZplTg9lM6reJ6X1olvaTnACgu66T1uwytfBg1_bZs-EbIeCjlSDmOfuiu-LQXM8UdPuWieEpq0nkX8rDnZI3_8GA1uhlBJhO47NP8yFMBvGgxnlvayD4ocntlIALtU7y/s1600/Fossils.jpg" height="196" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/p8WQKq0OinYt59nfEQO5RUJWMOuG4OMVH7l8MJ2xy0SgK8lsMs8CWSN5kO-N6v_JPQJgLV-gYKZ9Te2-KhJsqfjoszStNxQiLSBtLZRHI5qUr5HSzHxcH5sqLVVoXkmmho1njTlOR38Qijqsig" style="-webkit-transform: rotate(0.00rad); border: none; transform: rotate(0.00rad);" width="355" /></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">A major karst cave site in Ewa in the 1970's was being destroyed by workers when the opening grew so large work finally had to be stopped and archaeologists were called in. After a fairly quick examination and some photos</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #660000; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> it was destroyed.</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> Pre-Western contact Oahu has many, many native Hawaiian stories of very large sea caves and coral water channels. </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Schools of mullet were well known to pass under Oahu from places such as Hawaii Kai to Kailua's Enchanted Lakes via underground lava tubes connected to karst cave entrance portals.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">The Ewa Plain covers the southwestern corner of the island of Oahu, Hawaii. The coastal portion of the Ewa Plain is overlain by reef limestone material deposited during numerous past high stands of sea level. </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">The uppermost limestone layer is called the Upper Limestone Aquifer (ULA).</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #632423; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Deep karst waterway channels flow underground through the entire Ewa Plain </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: blue; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><img alt="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiuPr2OacRA6oDYf0G5l5qr28zCf-nXi8m2Ntf47xefJyHZWuR6l61fuSIhZ2WaYzTgiPOjqP9GrXS9Rfxwyqg1FyG2elx7J_AuvynoG_JJJxcGCQFEEOsxA36yQqpCGqi7VFQIaJZkrupb/s1600/IMG_3652.jpg" height="240" src="https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/FTFyIy3NpxMKWkf0TY8pLNailvski7I1ataeoiowTM8gyCQBIzjcePfVVRrnwpFryoolFby60AG5LEh4muluyY7ZY3eXYpzHb7SozxO5JD5GXgVeur9rpP0XD3hyQwymywqYBIdgS9PiJEw6Yw" style="-webkit-transform: rotate(0.00rad); border: none; transform: rotate(0.00rad);" width="320" /></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Mike Lee: Mountain water and rain fall streams flow directly through the Ewa Plain ancient </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">coral reef and into the shore and reef system, affecting the health and pollution of these traditional native Hawaiian resources which are also the basis for Oahu's marine ecosystem.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: blue; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><img alt="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg3h0TIymy7cpU74-1oyM4Wt5AvPvESmYmWePIqQeJWR6AWu_EQs5Ebgw8Git_Y4VZIHWMggu7yjIWiK674Sbzg_E6cMh3aSJhH4ML1_JGUATbRCmfc6XA5jGovLg5LLpoP6TfjCeJPJKpg/s1600/IMG_3668.jpg" height="240" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/MMsi3ay6QsVNvjKEPpqG_vX6fY9BZGZDXKWC0GrZ_t-a70Y8nMbLLa-PNbYUb4_PG3jedSTnfy8MJNEf7pKwvCaHZxyJjQw-8Mwyf5vrmKzrSfSGvGqb3E-Vnp_ENFrhw-TZ-POeQCRtm81Mrg" style="-webkit-transform: rotate(0.00rad); border: none; transform: rotate(0.00rad);" width="320" /></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #632423; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">KARST: What Is It and </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #632423; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">WHY Is It Called That?</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Karst is actually very wide spread all over North and South America as well as worldwide.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Karst is actually one of the most important natural systems on the planet. </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Native Hawaiian culture made very great use of karst terrain and the ecosystems it created in the islands.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">The international community has settled on </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">karst</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">, the German name for Kras, a region in Slovenia partially extending into Italy, where it is called "Carso" and where the first scientific research of a karst topography was made.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Karst landforms are generally the result of mildly acidic water acting on weakly soluble bedrock such as limestone or dolostone. The mildly acidic water begins to dissolve the surface along fractures or bedding planes in the limestone bedrock. Over time, these fractures enlarge as the bedrock continues to dissolve. Openings in the rock increase in size, and an underground drainage system begins to develop, allowing more water to pass through the area, and accelerating the formation of underground karst features.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">The carbonic acid that causes these features is formed as rain passes through the atmosphere picking up CO2, which dissolves in the water. Once the rain reaches the ground, it may pass through soil that can provide much more CO2 to form a weak carbonic acid solution, which dissolves calcium carbonate.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #632423; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Near the coast the brackish ground water floats </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #632423; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #632423; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">on saline water as a Ghyben-Herzberg lens</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: blue; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><img alt="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJCkLXI3wgi3swxJsbiUmYhNK_D7kCxappjUt4irqj5OUMMjFGnYeEr7tT3mKsIVbn8EWU37VEikc5w3McaFviQpHrAUnx_-tLm-5UjZ0ZFpCD0rRFxTVa0MQqMFlRSdq96VDS6wEopH1Z/s1600/IMG_8847-b.jpg" height="200" src="https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/WwERAW29_lQ1CgVcsAaxLwmPulc77D3qkgNpBZMZ2vNcZyCIOADCevDvrKou_CCAIZXescn20bhXE5zCLXZ9HNMkrmvmTA4SHDbwMpv0gbLoDLoRVC7s80g1upMnYGbniFnslMPoV-i90xn-oQ" style="-webkit-transform: rotate(0.00rad); border: none; transform: rotate(0.00rad);" width="320" /></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">A location near Barbers Point where the surface karst layer was cut like a knife using a large powerful quarry saw shows a </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #660000; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">cross section of ancient life that may have included human or </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #660000; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">ancient bird bones, ancient seeds long extinct and other important pre-history clues.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Receiving surface and ground waters are both susceptible to contamination from these pollutants.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Contaminants can reach ground water quickly through fractured rock formations or </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">sinkholes in </span><span style="background-color: yellow; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">karst</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> areas, such as that found in Ewa. Ground water is more sensitive to contamination in these areas because runoff may pass directly into the subsurface with little if any infiltration through the soil, a process that typically filters at least some pollutants.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: blue; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><img alt="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh8tX8GpU-mDgI-Bms_SZcAWhBTZjdObDKKGm_7uQ1boZOQHpVTwNRmvZVRvLjYoFLbqMlGdASsPLCU9M_f5PmjMRSOwyLkRxaSuLMakKaHJR0LkdbEgGwaqj89-_y8DdSezBeMBfZN775-/s320/Ewa-Karst+2.jpg" height="198" src="https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/NgTjP18JgID3FM4QPE4X2UySdJpC-oqxN6TWsizwhL5njdsclnqvx3buEgpQc4xMoIIybz2XlcKrQQBUZMJ3rDWHCl8zHBQvlgN2lBr-vPZyg_To4O36F8J8MFi_wjIQvRt18UyzYBXn0HZeBg" style="-webkit-transform: rotate(0.00rad); border: none; transform: rotate(0.00rad);" width="354" /></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: blue; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><img alt="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh5PDKI9GKcaCQ123euIUCcILFWhIhcJmJiWbRO99l3AB5XCnNwofeNYYmf8T4XlD4ntgLclJFC8w0zNS83xQde9LazxnxU45NFCJtambUL51lxS_fAYDcmTK_y26v1PzQs2A0mBYEdAoMV/s1600/Zeigler-2.jpg" height="148" src="https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/8rS1TDcHwhFwwrJdkDo9V4t0qd5UgWaASlCm1NL-xE5_hla_HYH4lHp-iKF6N4LOFgsoTaVjH4EfUeooJ1fqgrKoqjSDwixpl3IrtFDHHOHKdXHYOd_pQZVQZCw7EaPgECjh2LzIx63qcXwvHw" style="-webkit-transform: rotate(0.00rad); border: none; transform: rotate(0.00rad);" width="519" /></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">The Ewa Karst is the largest on the island of Oahu</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">William R. Halliday </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">The Cave Conservationis</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">t February 1998</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">It covers at least 50 km2 in the southwest corner of the island of Oahu. It is a semitropical </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">littoral karst formed on porous, permeable algal and coralline reef deposits formed during </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">at least three high stands of sea level.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">From present sea level these formations rise to an altitude of about 20 m. Tidal fluctuations </span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">extend inland from the shore line but freshwater at least 10 m deep has been found within 2 km of the shore, floating on salt water in the form of a Ghyben-Herzberg lens.</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">The U.S. Geological Survey Ewa Quadrangle shows numerous sinking streams and closed depressions within the Ewa Karst.</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Despite its impressive extent and archaeological and palaeontological values, </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #660000; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">the Ewa Karst is almost entirely unknown to karstographers and speleologists.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">In 1955, the late Harold S. Palmer (Professor of Geology at the University of Hawaii) told </span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">me he had seen a meter-long stalactite said to have come from a cave in the Ewa Karst.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: blue; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><img alt="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgndeymCV1trz1-gRrHkIyHL37eCCAlq_-hkCsgPzVTzrXpynLemWkf-T_i22lkg6SvgcgDlWt15z1ZeHIA0TSQ8JT_olR1lBY-KG4G33qckYgNJzYvae8CIG3hBs1xwBnoh4dJr8TE5VF6/s1600/Ewa+Karst+Blue+Holes.jpg" height="204" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/kukNPzXyCiu4UhrfWZ4YxeE8D_eqnZ72Vn_wzje9QC9draQV0ABzYhoPUmXpahTOTxqMGyN4bx2Cdwbo_8nBf9U_5zgFNp4gJUghm9IkmOx8nkuIFuUP1twsbwP1Uc7TVnF1gf2FLsevG-2eiw" style="-webkit-transform: rotate(0.00rad); border: none; transform: rotate(0.00rad);" width="320" /></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">An entire bountiful ecosystem and cultural heritage </span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">being destroyed by developers</span></div>
<br /><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Off the Ewa shore are the numerous huge circular holes in the still</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">living reef where vast amounts of upland fresh water has run through the</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">ancient Karst reef and </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">out into the sea through underground caves.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">These huge fresh water outlets create excellent fishing grounds and </span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">feed nutrients into the sea that </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #660000; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">create ideal spawning conditions.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">These </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">once fantastic ecosystems fed native Hawaiians for a thousand</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">years</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> however the waters are </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">increasingly being diverted, cut off and</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">polluted by up stream development on the Ewa Plain. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><img alt="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhrX7a1z8Ljb0hYwaFMpwwZy9fbkZRI6YbOtf-OuthFS8mVWimssCSx4_OKuf37SSww5JFHsY6hpJhihhtbH_J5AI47SseDqd3mySOs9O3UnFrUxj7awHURRwPSsFeyx4GNHFHRLBcyjQM8/s1600/IMG_3489.jpg" height="240" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/J771mRSQLqonYI8dELzQOIrr9K2QvqOT94KZHzYILt9Ed5tg0oMLxlAFStUxI5sfxtFDsbPCZhoWILj1rHwUXGQDcUHVvniM4QQ0zTIe1XchtoMmasTCs4g2wXop1TIuFFDEY8BlAtiBO-XgoQ" style="-webkit-transform: rotate(0.00rad); border: none; transform: rotate(0.00rad);" width="320" /></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #660000; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Fresh spring water is especially important in the propagation of plant and sea life and the food chains they create- from limu on up to large pelagic fish. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Surface and ground waters are very susceptible to contamination from pollutants.</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 12pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Contaminants can reach ground water quickly through fractured rock formations or sinkholes in </span><span style="background-color: yellow; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">karst</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> areas, such as that found in Ewa. Ground water is more sensitive to contamination in these areas because </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">runoff may pass directly into the subsurface with little if any infiltration through the soil, a process that typically filters at least some pollutants.</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: blue; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><img alt="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi3q7yBSBZIpwysyIwNA5mv1NsXJJAcYMXa8TlwllNJS96_2uBQjkjVy0837OrWXihcXQvleUSUDlEjNJNtJzM9xBefI7CzXeaoQex7GTb5YQ5z1vyLfGPgdhS9DC5NFxni1LKSCeNgZi6y/s1600/IMG_3587.jpg" height="240" src="https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/ouolCWzdNiazYRY4KbTYVjGPKQvHCnXidUrA2FGH1ERoa6bSW-yvbFMnUvuUxR4Q2q9zRrV_rHmYBxF9lsGpOtiv1pc0-lSeTY5a7KjwYXWtFAvO6KJAlCH27u3e03ilxBFfVhNAKPMPH1aJyw" style="-webkit-transform: rotate(0.00rad); border: none; transform: rotate(0.00rad);" width="320" /></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">The health of the reef and wetlands directly sustains Oahu's marine life.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><img alt="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjolGXBzSsvgSKiCMeZiFv1kfwXS2g1p7OdLKmUN_RwMYY7NPHNyBs6epRsQy-ws-VcIoqkw503wXaaVjy5WfdfP_0jgVEkeU3IlnfZV6wA2ZPupkjX-r78iLrWtoGQcldpR59n7gS5UlN7/s1600/IMG_3535.jpg" height="240" src="https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/QMeBa_K_KNhGBw3NB0s9cE4m-0nvbqy-qRzSf8ExKNyjHugy_WWIBTERfBk1wVK_hBs6usofDviIynoUrsLa0Bm6PSIP8RMZ0Unbqam4Jd4eToap-3eLR6K9HPeTivVoM4rMEGBGweQBJMkedw" style="-webkit-transform: rotate(0.00rad); border: none; transform: rotate(0.00rad);" width="320" /></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><img alt="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEim6aPNjwVu8UGC3rP5EE3Si5k56TToM5AIY2bIsn9yDaBM_RTEo21zosvYD5eYlSq89pWYbbUe3mQKMQXm2-9pHSfB8R_5r8ny8NTaMvs4ckxM0F1_uY5-rd1ferMdBoENySevQIW1dYeW/s1600/FWS-Kalaeloa1.jpg" height="215" src="https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/NFJYVU6wfwi0tm8oJDT3HQ5J4vCly8rU4OfS0wDL0DJDjqmHFau7KWdywey3aByCO0VweyeihgMLnX9mDllloRhybiUFoNjgpf2TvtrUoRffG1UJhJqPaOFWvV8FwHN36eym_1_WKsiAcpYRFQ" style="-webkit-transform: rotate(0.00rad); border: none; transform: rotate(0.00rad);" width="320" /></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">5.4.1 Surface Water</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">There is no natural surface water flow through the project area and no evidence of channels where water would have flowed in the past. The highly permeable soil and rock allow storm water to percolate into the ground. Due to the flat topography, runoff collects in natural sinkholes for infiltration into the subsurface. Navy BRAC (Tuggle, 1997).</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><img height="73" src="https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/tNiRUe-Csh_bryV0z854lwOMMUgiRs9pAsjwZCs39aaX1FayVqrQmpcdECqynhVABAr_daaxkKPbsHARv_-8bPArKU5a20Yke4jQOWrlLW56poLvXsJOQYS2rHZRnV2GcNnNMamuM7iW_RC1ow" style="-webkit-transform: rotate(0.00rad); border: none; transform: rotate(0.00rad);" width="160" /></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">John Bond, President </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Kanehili Cultural Hui, </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">PO Box 75578, </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Kapolei, Hi. 96707</span></div>
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Kanehilihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00772491490665346198noreply@blogger.comEwa-Kapolei, Kalaeloa, Hawaii21.310110016817667 -158.0855798721313521.306411516817668 -158.09062237213135 21.313808516817666 -158.08053737213135tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-110342046378403110.post-25500193876870081792016-03-09T00:21:00.000-08:002016-03-09T00:25:54.198-08:00The Great Honolulu Mega Tsunami Flood And Rail Disaster<h2 style="text-align: center;">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh2gGEJj8AwgksyOmsd_VnsdL2tY-zF7bfXZVOeO-SjpjGJFc-RPUkzCzWuWrjcBdi3ZFnl0EXcK9XJCAiGsXDQoOBmX2ZQ3B44HhjFjAlO3hdpUdUpgZYbGMWo6e0-SVmNbwNSpuUwi4Y/s1600/Art+icanes-1B.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="158" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh2gGEJj8AwgksyOmsd_VnsdL2tY-zF7bfXZVOeO-SjpjGJFc-RPUkzCzWuWrjcBdi3ZFnl0EXcK9XJCAiGsXDQoOBmX2ZQ3B44HhjFjAlO3hdpUdUpgZYbGMWo6e0-SVmNbwNSpuUwi4Y/s320/Art+icanes-1B.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
</h2>
<h2 style="text-align: center;">
The Great Honolulu Mega Tsunami Flood And Rail Disaster</h2>
<div style="text-align: center;">
by John Bond</div>
<h2 style="text-align: center;">
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #1f497d; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Approximately 14 HART
Rail Stations and 70% of the Rail route are subject to extreme <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">floods, tsunami, hurricane storm surge and
sea level rise.</i></span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #984806; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Boxed in RED show the HART rail route
sections most affected by floods, tsunami, hurricane storm surge and sea level
rise.</span></i></b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjKUPSYejsHAWnAy2uesWdqM6wUXAs8P1n7m31PC4IB6NpZ6vpo3LxI5C-qfLbEzwGLQTb5fKMPyUR_jVDrx1Cva6ABLr8uj36ilS1toMTEw297I5bqZKC2_TR4DBO2bMpo2oyWFjXKb4U/s1600/HRTP-Underwater2B.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="184" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjKUPSYejsHAWnAy2uesWdqM6wUXAs8P1n7m31PC4IB6NpZ6vpo3LxI5C-qfLbEzwGLQTb5fKMPyUR_jVDrx1Cva6ABLr8uj36ilS1toMTEw297I5bqZKC2_TR4DBO2bMpo2oyWFjXKb4U/s320/HRTP-Underwater2B.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #984806; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></i></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #002060; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">HART
Rail stations, access stairs, elevators and escalators and parking facilities
will be flooded while sewer, water and power service vaults will be in
corrosive salt water. Power will be shut off, sewage will spill into the
downtown areas and repair costs will be in the billions.</span></i></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="color: #002060; font-size: 12.0pt;">There have been some
significant changes and updates in 2015 that the HART Rail FEIS did not
address. New FEMA Flood Plain maps have been released and President Obama issued
EO 13690. Since HART Rail is being built in sections, <span style="background: yellow;">HART has not adequately addressed the new maps, EO 11988 and EO 13690 <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>in their route and station plans</span>.
Especially the DOT requirements Order 5650.2 and FEMA Code of Federal
Regulations (CFR) for the National Flood Insurance Program: 44 CFR Parts 59,
60, 65, and 70.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhiYuud8JmQyYV8wJtAhoNSqemrYNK4k5HarKxcjJmKhiKTzNLLsAj4L2h5ARHwVYGcp_U2bKMssNkaZ5KxCBf1fMrRRJNbGMRsUUkpggeseSX2g-vbcl5SlbwIEJu-tT6sAYEjTCG1IBA/s1600/SLR-Waikiki-1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="180" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhiYuud8JmQyYV8wJtAhoNSqemrYNK4k5HarKxcjJmKhiKTzNLLsAj4L2h5ARHwVYGcp_U2bKMssNkaZ5KxCBf1fMrRRJNbGMRsUUkpggeseSX2g-vbcl5SlbwIEJu-tT6sAYEjTCG1IBA/s320/SLR-Waikiki-1.jpg" width="320" /></a><span style="color: #002060; font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span></div>
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<span style="color: #002060; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="color: #002060; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="background: yellow;"></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
</span><a href="https://www.fema.gov/national-flood-insurance-program-laws-regulations" target="_blank"><span style="background: yellow; color: blue; font-size: 12.0pt;">https://www.fema.gov/national-flood-insurance-program-laws-regulations</span></a><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
<br />
</span><a href="https://www.fema.gov/pdf/floodplain/nfip_sg_appendix_e.pdf" target="_blank"><span style="background: yellow; color: blue; font-size: 12.0pt;">https://www.fema.gov/pdf/floodplain/nfip_sg_appendix_e.pdf</span></a><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
<br />
The Floodplains Compliance Process according to all of the online Federal
documents can grandfather already built facilities BUT NOT those not yet built.
HART Rail is being built in sections and the final construction design plans
for most of the flood plain sections have not been issued. There is still time
to correct the very badly planned and highly vulnerable rail route.</span></div>
</h2>
<h2 class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="color: #002060;">Elevated Rail Guideway does NOT protect vulnerable station
access, parking, utilities support</span></b></span></h2>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">While the HART rail
is on elevated pylons, planned sections 2, 3 and 4 station access are near sea
level and in FEMA mapped flood zones. The measured subsurface groundwater level
in many areas of downtown Honolulu is just 3-4 feet and steadily rising.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Most of the entire HART rail construction
geology is in very porous ancient coral limestone reef karst with known
subsurface voids, caves and waterways.</span></i></b></div>
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Rail stations, access stairs, elevators and escalators and parking facilities
will be flooded while sewer, water and power service vaults will be in
corrosive salt water.</span></i></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: yellow; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">However the City is NOT complying with
NFIP floodplain management and EO 11988</span></b></div>
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<span style="background: yellow; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Honolulu transit
consultant Parsons Brinckerhoff wrote in the 2003 Final EIS:</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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underground utilities and constant <br />
dewatering made necessary by a high water table and poor soils <br />
would drive (rail) construction costs to unacceptable levels." -2003 FEIS</span></i></div>
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rail Project Management report shows that contractors are having continuous
problems with drilled column cement pours<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>A flood event by either heavy rains, hurricane storm surge or tsunami
will create standing salty water far inland. Encroaching sea level rise is also
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">There MUST be an analysis showing <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">why</b> there is <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">NO OTHER ALTERNATIVE</b> than the low sea level flood plain route HART Rail
is planning into downtown Honolulu. In fact there ARE reasonable alternative
routes but they have never been discussed in light of the 2015 FEMA Flood plain
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi0se83OKVHYcGSKHPCgztdl6VtiHVLEi6D8u9NOgQpAcw6ntExiR2aAkN4BV-9tGnKzcQTU6CH-Aqs2UM5j8WJ6ac4YD-GAfyB8Zp5hDVwsFSfNySiRAoncC6N75OjqU4W3PkPPXUf35k/s1600/SOEST-2007-1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="165" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi0se83OKVHYcGSKHPCgztdl6VtiHVLEi6D8u9NOgQpAcw6ntExiR2aAkN4BV-9tGnKzcQTU6CH-Aqs2UM5j8WJ6ac4YD-GAfyB8Zp5hDVwsFSfNySiRAoncC6N75OjqU4W3PkPPXUf35k/s320/SOEST-2007-1.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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professor Fletcher studies coastal hazards and says 70 percent of beaches on
Kauai, Maui, and Oahu are eroding.</span></b></div>
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<a href="http://khon2.com/2016/03/03/expert-urges-action-as-stronger-el-nino-years-further-coastal-erosion-predicted/"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">http://khon2.com/2016/03/03/expert-urges-action-as-stronger-el-nino-years-further-coastal-erosion-predicted/</span></a><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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Chip Fletcher predicts stronger El Nino years in the future, which means more
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<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">“We’re overdue,” he said. “We need to
start making things happen now. </span></b><br />
<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">We need to catch up.”</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Low level water inundation by hurricane
storm surge and tsunamis will cause massive electrical, sewer and water damage
flooding underground vaults. Powerful sea water forces will knock down structures,
slam cars and trucks into structures. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The
useful capacity of HART rail to provide operational service in low land flooded
areas will be reduced to ZERO.</i></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEip8B7Zb8V3m6_SY2HMbvtEmMaBsAeNlJcTTxK_3wXQ3lYPv4RQyOERuubIawxOZcYWHUxpUHEn03EN7noZIDO9Q9g-ac2aquCUXOzRptXQ0VohYLYkxEvL6Sig6nWHE4m7Z5g6xOTEdsI/s1600/HRTP-Underwater-B2B.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="157" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEip8B7Zb8V3m6_SY2HMbvtEmMaBsAeNlJcTTxK_3wXQ3lYPv4RQyOERuubIawxOZcYWHUxpUHEn03EN7noZIDO9Q9g-ac2aquCUXOzRptXQ0VohYLYkxEvL6Sig6nWHE4m7Z5g6xOTEdsI/s320/HRTP-Underwater-B2B.jpg" width="320" /></a></i></div>
<br />
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">The costs to repair and rebuilt will
take many years and many billions of dollars. Honolulu cannot expect Federal bailouts
as these environmental conditions will be happening all over the United States.
<span style="background: yellow;">Hurricane Sandy, a classic storm surge case,
has greatly depleted available FEMA disaster recovery funds. Honolulu will have
to expect FEMA recovery fund delays and relatively little funds to rebuilt
transportation infrastructure.</span></b><br />
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<span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The
State of Hawaii and the Federal Emergency Management Administration (FEMA)
flood maps clearly show major sections of the rail route are in floodplains.
The many additional Federal studies on Sea Level Rise, tsunamis and hurricane
storm surge all show the same areas -- and MUCH MORE - will inundate with rain
and sea water the low level Honoululu<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>ground
infrastructure of planned HART Rail stations and Transit Oriented
Developments. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">There will be Billions in damage and huge costs to rebuild away from
the vulnerable low shoreline. </i></b></span><br />
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<a href="http://www.soest.hawaii.edu/coasts/sealevel/" target="_blank"><span style="background: yellow; color: blue; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">http://www.soest.hawaii.edu/coasts/sealevel/</span></a><br />
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University of Hawaii SOEST program has provided very extensive details, 3D
graphics and animations showing how vulnerable Honolulu low lands are to
flooding from sea level rise,</span></i></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">hurricane storm surge and tsunamis. Updated new City tsunami
maps all show a much greater inland evacuation area than previous maps.</span></i><br /><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span><a href="http://seagrant.soest.hawaii.edu/csp/benifits" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue; font-size: 12.0pt;"><br />
<span style="background: yellow;">http://seagrant.soest.hawaii.edu/csp/benifits</span></span></a><u><span style="background: yellow; color: blue; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></u></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">All City, State and Federal data ALL
SHOW that building new Federally funded infrastructure in extremely low areas
is a MAJOR RISK and alternatives need to be planned as soon as possible.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The
Honolulu project study illustrates the effect of three feet of sea-level
rise on the coastal inundation zones (hurricane and tsunami) and showed
that 80 percent of the area’s economy, nearly half of the population, and
much of the infrastructure and land area at risk of coastal inundation. </span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgZ4VvN97VJAvzLLVHTqc6eXmcgyB7Om9CfkC0lw72BuqAAdSfd98AqV4S5mbgPiOj3ckjN96z6nxH-4imNQlMT2736Vcli4gqaMStUZe2KSrDihBi_pIlRhQvmtwIwfK4R0kzl6dYGlrk/s1600/OMPO-SLR-14.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="233" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgZ4VvN97VJAvzLLVHTqc6eXmcgyB7Om9CfkC0lw72BuqAAdSfd98AqV4S5mbgPiOj3ckjN96z6nxH-4imNQlMT2736Vcli4gqaMStUZe2KSrDihBi_pIlRhQvmtwIwfK4R0kzl6dYGlrk/s320/OMPO-SLR-14.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhfS7z-FYwVFphx4AZ-Tfi099j4vtf3C_7cC95ZIvm7oOeDjb7sajDDgElzZMxZg02wrl01GldxFGYsdxCJ2kEDVVqU6fnJ3002KULH8bb8fRwYawoS0n_z-q415OsHMRnGvnORc68R7X4/s1600/OMPO-SLR-9.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhfS7z-FYwVFphx4AZ-Tfi099j4vtf3C_7cC95ZIvm7oOeDjb7sajDDgElzZMxZg02wrl01GldxFGYsdxCJ2kEDVVqU6fnJ3002KULH8bb8fRwYawoS0n_z-q415OsHMRnGvnORc68R7X4/s320/OMPO-SLR-9.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">US DOT Flood Zones</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
Protection of floodplains and floodways is required by Presidential Executive
Order 11988, US DOT Order 5650.2, the Federal Aid Highway Program Manual (FHWA
1992b); and 23 CFR 650 <br />
(CFR 1999). <span style="background: yellow;">These regulations place special
importance on floodplains and floodways and require Federal agencies to avoid
conducting, allowing, or supporting actions on a floodplain or within a
floodway. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">If a project is located within
a floodplain or floodway, results from sufficient analysis must be included in
the project’s Final EIS, as specified in USDOT Order 5650.2.</b> </span><br />
</span><a href="http://www.fta.dot.gov/printer_friendly/12347_2237.html" target="_blank"><span style="background: yellow; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">http://www.fta.dot.gov/printer_friendly/12347_2237.html</span></a><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
<br />
<span style="background: darkred; color: white;">"Floodplain Management,"
places special importance on floodplains and directs federal agencies to avoid
conducting, allowing or supporting actions on a floodplain. When contemplating
a mass transportation project, maps of the Federal Insurance Administration should
be consulted to determine if the proposed project site is located within the
100-year floodplain.</span><span style="background: yellow; color: white;"> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span><a href="http://www.fta.dot.gov/printer_friendly/5109.htm" target="_blank"><span style="background: yellow; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Executive Order 11988 (PDF)</span></a><span style="background: yellow; color: white; font-size: 12.0pt;">,</span><span style="color: white; font-size: 12.0pt;"><br />
</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">FEMA Flood Insurance Rate Maps (FIRMs)
are available for review here:</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt;">
<a href="https://msc.fema.gov/portal/search"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">https://msc.fema.gov/portal/search</span></a><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(Hawaii or Honolulu)</span></div>
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<a href="http://gis.hawaiinfip.org/FHAT/"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">http://gis.hawaiinfip.org/FHAT/</span></i></b></a><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(This Hawaii site is somewhat easier to
use)</span></i></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #002060; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">In
Mapunapuna small fish including baby Hammerhead sharks have been seen coming up
through the storm drains which are directly connected to the ocean.</span></b></div>
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must identify why the Proposed Action is the only practicable alternative, and
provide supporting documentation reflecting the <br />
consideration of alternatives to avoid or reduce adverse impacts on the
floodplain.</span></i></b><br /> </span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjQ0lm80azl_GM0wHHLjr_YUZVzAcVnTs9s3eGMi7j0w-2RVzgpvxjsw-z2cwrk6mU7xNwJv5XcN8LmB6TCyqbceq9njcO_nX9DcFlMZIAl98Fo2r7GG8fbtpMskwQjbSM-YvpyoPBEgaE/s1600/cs-floodingstreet.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="267" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjQ0lm80azl_GM0wHHLjr_YUZVzAcVnTs9s3eGMi7j0w-2RVzgpvxjsw-z2cwrk6mU7xNwJv5XcN8LmB6TCyqbceq9njcO_nX9DcFlMZIAl98Fo2r7GG8fbtpMskwQjbSM-YvpyoPBEgaE/s320/cs-floodingstreet.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="color: #20124d;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <b>Ocean Flooding At High Tide </b></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">THE WHITE HOUSE<br />
January 30, 2015.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">On January 30th, President Obama issued
Executive Order (EO) 13690 that revises Executive Order 11988 and proposes a
new Federal Flood Risk Management Standard (FFRMS).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhfmlfEGrGkDmoMN3sq_EvQCTzk8_kyFnephris3JRMMZEU0sH5BOB9IOFx2pFiXkZ0qtazADWBfVEXaXv7WGeLp8MHtGx5BQzfQwiuXSltJSs1B1PftQASAbrnEyaNof1WNolnL7N16ks/s1600/OahuFlooding_S.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="296" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhfmlfEGrGkDmoMN3sq_EvQCTzk8_kyFnephris3JRMMZEU0sH5BOB9IOFx2pFiXkZ0qtazADWBfVEXaXv7WGeLp8MHtGx5BQzfQwiuXSltJSs1B1PftQASAbrnEyaNof1WNolnL7N16ks/s320/OahuFlooding_S.jpg" width="320" /></a></b></div>
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</span><a href="https://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2015/01/30/executive-order-establishing-federal-flood-risk-management-standard-and-" target="_blank"><span style="background: yellow; color: blue; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">https://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2015/01/30/executive-order-establishing-federal-flood-risk-management-standard-and-</span></a><u><span style="background: yellow; color: blue; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></u></div>
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
The Federal Government must take action, informed by the best-available and
actionable </span><br />
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">science, to improve
the Nation's preparedness and resilience against flooding. Executive Order 11988
of May 24, 1977 (Floodplain Management), <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="background: yellow;">requires executive departments and agencies to avoid,
to the extent possible, the long- and short-term adverse impacts associated
with the occupancy and modification of floodplains and to avoid direct or
indirect support of floodplain development wherever there is a practicable
alternative.</span></i><br />
<br />
As part of a national policy on resilience and risk reduction consistent with my
Climate Action Plan, the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: yellow;">National Security Council staff coordinated an interagency
effort to create a new flood risk reduction standard for federally funded
projects.</span></b><span style="background: yellow;"> </span>The views of
Governors, mayors, and other stakeholders were solicited and considered as
efforts were made to establish a new <br />
flood risk reduction standard for federally funded projects.<br />
<br />
Unless an exception is made under paragraph (2), the floodplain shall be:</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(i)<span style="background: yellow;"> the elevation and flood hazard area that <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">result from using a climate-informed science
approach that uses the best-available, actionable hydrologic and hydraulic data
and methods that integrate current and future changes in flooding based on climate
science. </i></span>This approach will also include an emphasis on whether the action
is a critical action as one of the factors to be considered when conducting the
analysis;<br />
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"(ii) the elevation and flood hazard area that result from using the
freeboard value, reached by adding an additional 2 feet to the base flood
elevation for non-critical actions and by adding an additional 3 feet to the
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">"(iii)
the area subject to flooding by the 0.2 percent annual chance flood; or<br />
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Kanehilihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00772491490665346198noreply@blogger.comHonolulu, HI, USA21.294833772204456 -157.8436660766601621.265243272204454 -157.88400657666017 21.324424272204457 -157.80332557666014tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-110342046378403110.post-14103981863741162622015-09-06T00:32:00.002-07:002015-09-06T00:37:15.764-07:00Could Ewa's Huge Underground Karst Waterways And Caves Really Exist?<h2 style="text-align: center;">
Could Ewa's Huge Underground Karst Waterways And Caves Really Exist?</h2>
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John Bond, Kanehili Cultural Hui </h3>
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Of course they do and there is lots of evidence of it for anyone who wants to look or listen to Hawaiian oral histories. Hawaiians were not "making it up" when they described the existence of these ancient cave systems.</div>
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By all logic and evidence around the world where there has been ancient coral reefs called karst the answer is most definitely YES. In addition Hawaii already has known huge lava tubes that feed large amounts of water into the sea, such as on the Big Island of Hawaii.</div>
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The Big Island doesn't have a reef system like the older islands such as Oahu and Maui where there are large reef shelves. In the huge 25 square mile Ewa Plain which is attached to the ancient Waianae volcano the lava tubes became connected through the ancient reef to the shoreline. In some cases the fresh mountain water bubbled up as springs on the land surface or as large underwater outlets that became sea caves and sinkholes called blue holes. </div>
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As the Ewa Plain reef extends towards the sea it reaches a depth of approximately 1000 feet, providing ample room for large sea cave systems that have never been seen or explored.</div>
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Native Hawaiian oral histories describe huge underground caves running under Oahu connecting different locations. Some caves are fresh waterways, others are salt water portals for sharks and some are walkable large lava tubes. The Big Island, which is the Hawaiian Island chain's newest island without a reef, has some of the largest known caves.</div>
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As a recognized historical and cultural expert, Mr. Lee contends that Ewa, Oahu contain a "huge" series of "cave systems" - carved out by underground fresh water - and the caves were used by ancient Hawaiians for their burials long ago. These "cave systems" contain the "iwi" remains of the ancient Hawaiian Chiefs of Oahu, Maui, and Kauai Islands in Hawaii</div>
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These Ewa, Oahu "caves" are called "Waipouli Kupuna", and this is where Mr. Lee's family (plus many other Hawaiian families) are buried. They continue to destroy/desecrate the dead, history, culture, AND CONSTITUTION of Hawaii.</div>
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Yes, there is very ample evidence around the world that huge karst caves exit. On the Big Island there are also huge lava tube waterways and caves!</div>
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The Ewa Plain was a vast coral cave and sinkhole complex used for growing food, overnight shelter, burials and cool storage from the sun. This is how ancient Hawaiians could traverse the ancient Honouliuli ahupua'a trails, which early western explorers saw as barren and hostile. The food, the rest stops and wayside barter shops were there serving the travelers along the way.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVk0o1A8rvsuZjdOohjzum_eluo517CFnIHr79u9hEgn0FwLN6fml2Sf2yOf3u_Y80upAPKmo7IBZbDDu61TCQZv3I6tix2Qa-kZvrZGPUspDe5gYCz26vn-XFKolJesmw8-hw83akQMk/s1600/FWS-Kalaeloa1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="215" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVk0o1A8rvsuZjdOohjzum_eluo517CFnIHr79u9hEgn0FwLN6fml2Sf2yOf3u_Y80upAPKmo7IBZbDDu61TCQZv3I6tix2Qa-kZvrZGPUspDe5gYCz26vn-XFKolJesmw8-hw83akQMk/s1600/FWS-Kalaeloa1.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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The ancient coral reef sinkholes</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjvKkti2dfboeTPmOqnnUESXTGIY7blNJ-JTsmWP8xyQkaRTlw54DRDmAJLt5KdYHJv7PWAOzXQILW4DXmIFVo4o-ppH34NeiTr_oxZwgeqYSyExLqUrywk9Fsia6R7ZLNnYnEQgdlzJwE/s1600/Ewa_Springs_1928.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="133" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjvKkti2dfboeTPmOqnnUESXTGIY7blNJ-JTsmWP8xyQkaRTlw54DRDmAJLt5KdYHJv7PWAOzXQILW4DXmIFVo4o-ppH34NeiTr_oxZwgeqYSyExLqUrywk9Fsia6R7ZLNnYnEQgdlzJwE/s1600/Ewa_Springs_1928.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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Not many today know that Pohukaina in downtown Honolulu is actually an Ali'i coral burial cave</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg3QnIsycVfQrJ5MqXXTtKsTiuvVqBcF051JwnMdsUIQy0j3GJlV_MmSSO4wAmglEiySXH9AWKjwnueLtaNo_yESR79aEjESQvU5odDcaNvQiiBrih1mPCvHPumIphOhUdr3z6bB-Wh-JM/s1600/Kailua-Karst-Waterway-2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="265" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg3QnIsycVfQrJ5MqXXTtKsTiuvVqBcF051JwnMdsUIQy0j3GJlV_MmSSO4wAmglEiySXH9AWKjwnueLtaNo_yESR79aEjESQvU5odDcaNvQiiBrih1mPCvHPumIphOhUdr3z6bB-Wh-JM/s1600/Kailua-Karst-Waterway-2.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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This UH SOEST image shows how fresh water erodes channels and pits (caves and sinkholes) into the coral reef creating what the Ewa Plain looked like many thousands of years ago when sea level was much higher than it currently is today.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgRtbVZLZ5nuAmLH4bR__9IMgOn4PAhnxK2QhyphenhyphenveAoHklKQfSxbDurAUNTypl_hqXIlIBHRMQbJo1P2h9FO8OdCw4DXwOuHP7UTPsKtU2WPEfYG1EXUVTpmBwzDFsuZQjbBHgIPnFV39_4/s1600/karst_2_sm.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgRtbVZLZ5nuAmLH4bR__9IMgOn4PAhnxK2QhyphenhyphenveAoHklKQfSxbDurAUNTypl_hqXIlIBHRMQbJo1P2h9FO8OdCw4DXwOuHP7UTPsKtU2WPEfYG1EXUVTpmBwzDFsuZQjbBHgIPnFV39_4/s1600/karst_2_sm.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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Modern karst cave explorers inside the Moilili coral cave near the UH Manoa campus</div>
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Many people have visited the Moilili caves over the past 100 years. Pumping out the ground water in the 1930's caused a massive cave collapse in the Moilili area, greatly reducing the amount of the cave area that can be explored today. </div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh94FcStpw59JRJUDmQKjuUi3VmoQZjYJXZVbSDagDdwmBir3MD5ctgszbWEvxP29KGsj2eJiBrojkXZRVEB-EI_j1ffwNCQDYo9RBKnH8M9MEgl0iO1uB4-_ldPaaSOQ0lgKx2RZTAKDc/s1600/Railway-Coral-Cave.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="246" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh94FcStpw59JRJUDmQKjuUi3VmoQZjYJXZVbSDagDdwmBir3MD5ctgszbWEvxP29KGsj2eJiBrojkXZRVEB-EI_j1ffwNCQDYo9RBKnH8M9MEgl0iO1uB4-_ldPaaSOQ0lgKx2RZTAKDc/s1600/Railway-Coral-Cave.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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Inside a cave in Ewa by Roosevelt Avenue in former Barbers Point one can still see and identify Porites lobata coral inside the cave. Other bright colored coral species can still be seen in other karst coral caves in the area. Caves in Ewa contain a great deal of archaeological information, including ancient bird skeletons, but they are routinely bulldozed and filled with concrete grout by land developers today with little if any scientific study. </div>
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Coral karst caves can get very, very huge in other parts of the world where vast amounts of tropical rains and rivers carved out vast underground tunnels over the centuries as sea levels dropped.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-6I6oiQDhgLxiX_O2AHqKybWGjpKGEcy91ABUMIm-80aEy5I2SES3jCXZ9blEWn7SFVZP2RzMms3basE5amTrHP4sWgF_nREZYgsTk0kQzyakJdtqAVSXtfXxpkph3j-LwitFbo8NOz4/s1600/Deer-Cave1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="209" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-6I6oiQDhgLxiX_O2AHqKybWGjpKGEcy91ABUMIm-80aEy5I2SES3jCXZ9blEWn7SFVZP2RzMms3basE5amTrHP4sWgF_nREZYgsTk0kQzyakJdtqAVSXtfXxpkph3j-LwitFbo8NOz4/s1600/Deer-Cave1.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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Huge caves like these very likely exist under the Ewa Plain where the coral shelf is known to go down 1000 feet near the shoreline. This is why in downtown Honolulu, which is also built on an ancient coral reef, large concrete piles being driven will sometimes just suddenly slip and completely disappear into what some only want to call a "void." No one in the construction industry wants to know what is really going on below the ground on Oahu.</div>
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<h2 class="post-title entry-title" itemprop="name" style="text-align: center;">
Oahu's Ewa Plain Karst Sinkholes And Caves Yield Extinct Bird Fossils
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<a href="http://ewa-hawaii-karst.blogspot.com/2015/01/ewa-plain-karst-sinkholes-and.html">http://ewa-hawaii-karst.blogspot.com/2015/01/ewa-plain-karst-sinkholes-and.html</a><br />
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<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">US Fish Wildlife Demonstrates How Ewa Plain Karst Can Be Restored</span></h2>
<a href="http://ewa-hawaii-karst.blogspot.com/2014/12/us-fish-wildlife-ewa-preserve.html">http://ewa-hawaii-karst.blogspot.com/2014/12/us-fish-wildlife-ewa-preserve.html</a><br />
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The Ewa Plain Karst is the largest of several karsts on the island of Oahu</h2>
<a href="http://ewa-hawaii-karst.blogspot.com/2014/12/Ewa-Karst-largest-on-Oahu.html">http://ewa-hawaii-karst.blogspot.com/2014/12/Ewa-Karst-largest-on-Oahu.html</a><br />
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Kanehilihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00772491490665346198noreply@blogger.comKapolei, HI, USA21.331594286928194 -158.0771255493164121.302013786928192 -158.11746604931642 21.361174786928196 -158.03678504931639tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-110342046378403110.post-8942114881145838052015-09-05T23:41:00.002-07:002015-09-05T23:50:37.436-07:00Ewa Plain Karst Discoveries: Extinct Bird Species' Fossils Are Found At US Fish & Wildlife Kalaeloa Refuge<h2 style="text-align: center;">
Ewa Plain Karst Discoveries: Extinct Bird Species' Fossils Are Found At US Fish & Wildlife Kalaeloa Refuge</h2>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhtk-yn5_2cS1dXXlfHpg2ktVBcali2rumQZy587MDTALMC-yfm46yLfu89Ky5R-YIBYkovFVzwqV0aWpGaZ2zD63PoUKoXwrtKAx8JWkoKdG6gtlAKU0IWgVQFpm7haFmsAqaWQI6tsD4/s1600/FWS-Kalaeloa1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="268" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhtk-yn5_2cS1dXXlfHpg2ktVBcali2rumQZy587MDTALMC-yfm46yLfu89Ky5R-YIBYkovFVzwqV0aWpGaZ2zD63PoUKoXwrtKAx8JWkoKdG6gtlAKU0IWgVQFpm7haFmsAqaWQI6tsD4/s400/FWS-Kalaeloa1.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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An unexpected discovery of rare avian fossil remains, believed to be thousands of years old, has scientists excited.</h3>
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<span class="brown"><b>July 28, 2009 Honolulu Star-Bulletin</b></span></div>
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U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service workers and scientists doing coastal habitat restoration work at Kalaeloa recently discovered fossilized remains, including those of several extinct bird species.<br />
"The discovery of these ancient bird bones, including several species now extinct and maybe even new species not known before, is a great reminder of the truly unique history and wonderful diversity of Hawaii's birds," said refuge manager David Ellis in a prepared statement.<br />
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Both the Bishop Museum and the Smithsonian Institution are categorizing and preserving the bones. Although the age of the bones has yet to be pinpointed through the use of radiocarbon dating, scientists noted that bird fossils found at similar sites on the Ewa Plain date to about 1,000 to 8,000 years ago.<br />
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The bird bones were discovered while scientists were restoring tidal pools that were once part of the former Barbers Point Naval Station, now the Pearl Harbor National Wildlife Refuge-Kalaeloa Unit.<br />
Scientists have found remains of an extinct hawk—the first reported as a fossil on Oahu—a long-legged owl, Hawaiian sea eagle, petrel, two species of crow, Hawaiian finches, Hawaiian honeyeaters and the moa nalo—a flightless gooselike duck.</div>
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"These fossils of extinct birds give us a glimpse of an earlier time on Oahu when the lowlands teemed with native birds, insects, and plants," said Helen James, a research zoologist and curator of birds for the Smithsonian, in a written statement. "Lamentably, the birds cannot be brought back to life, but by studying their bones we at least gain an appreciation of Oahu's rich natural heritage."<br />
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According to Sheila Conant, an associate zoology professor at the University of Hawaii, researchers can use fossil records "to tell us about what it was like before people got here, and what it was like over time as they arrived and as population increased."<br />
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"I'm always delighted when someone finds a new fossil, especially when it's something interesting," Conant said. "To know that we had a diversity of birds before people got here is exciting for me."<br />
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Leonard Freed, also an associate UH zoology professor, added that researchers can use information from the discovery to gain a better knowledge in what types of characteristics shaped their environment.<br />
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"The fossil birds suggest that the characteristics may be shaped in an earlier environment," Freed said. "At minimum the fossils show that the diversity of birds in Hawaii was much greater than what has been documented historically."<br />
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<h2 class="post-title entry-title" itemprop="name" style="text-align: center;">
Oahu's Ewa Plain Karst Sinkholes And Caves Yield Extinct Bird Fossils
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<a href="http://ewa-hawaii-karst.blogspot.com/2015/01/ewa-plain-karst-sinkholes-and.html">http://ewa-hawaii-karst.blogspot.com/2015/01/ewa-plain-karst-sinkholes-and.html</a><br />
<h2 class="post-title entry-title" itemprop="name">
US Fish & Wildlife Demonstrates How Ewa Plain Karst Can Be Restored</h2>
<a href="http://ewa-hawaii-karst.blogspot.com/2014/12/us-fish-wildlife-ewa-preserve.html">http://ewa-hawaii-karst.blogspot.com/2014/12/us-fish-wildlife-ewa-preserve.html</a><br />
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Kanehilihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00772491490665346198noreply@blogger.comHonolulu21.32210652472612 -158.0477714538574221.307315524726121 -158.06794145385743 21.336897524726119 -158.02760145385741tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-110342046378403110.post-60696184026733337032015-09-05T23:18:00.001-07:002015-09-05T23:29:19.301-07:00Sumida Farms: The Best Water Cress Comes From Ancient Karst Spring Water<br />
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The Best Water Cress Comes From Ancient Spring Water </h2>
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The Kalauao Spring included two natural springs of percolating water.</div>
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In ancient times, the springs irrigated taro loʻi</div>
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The story does NOT mention that the farm is located on a KARST spring. Mineralized</div>
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water that comes from karst is very special, grows the beat limu, etc. Ewa was called</div>
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the "House of Limu" because it had such a unique delicious taste.</div>
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This is an important argument we hope and need to make to City and Ledge that</div>
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Ewa Plain farmland CANNOT be replaced it is a unique environment due to the</div>
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karst spring water that Ewa has. Places like Sumida Farms also happen to enjoy</div>
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this special karst spring environment.</div>
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<img alt="Sumida Farm Closeup" src="http://farm2.static.flickr.com/1346/820714396_71ce7abb9d_o.jpg" height="250" width="400" /> </div>
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Started in 1928 by Moriichi and Makiyo Sumida, this watercress farm has
withstood the scourge of development in the heart of the concrete
jungles of Pearlridge and hungry developers. Their son, Masaru fought
developers of Peralridge Shopping Center to keep the states largest
producer of watercress from turning into phase III of the shopping
complex. Masaru passed away at the age of 84 in 2003 but the farm and
family tradition lives on through his children.</div>
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<br /></div>
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<a href="http://honoluludailyphoto.blogspot.com/2007/07/sumida-farm.html">http://honoluludailyphoto.blogspot.com/2007/07/sumida-farm.html</a></div>
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<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oRVQCS89PPU">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oRVQCS89PPU</a></div>
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<img height="300" src="https://eatlocalhawaii.files.wordpress.com/2010/04/p4010436.jpg?w=1050&h=" width="400" /></div>
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Since 1928, the Sumida family have been growing watercress in a magical spot in the heart of Aiea being fed by a natural spring. Yes, that’s their farm right besides Pearlridge, a reminder of the fact that Aiea and Pearl Harbor were once breadbasket and important fishing grounds.</div>
<br />
<a href="http://hawaiiindependent.net/story/sumida-farms-embraces-the-past-and-future-of-agriculture-in-hawaii" target="_blank"><span style="color: #1155cc;">http://hawaiiindependent.net/<wbr></wbr></span>story/sumida-farms-embraces-<wbr></wbr>the-past-and-future-of-<wbr></wbr>agriculture-in-hawaii</a><br />
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<span style="color: #555555;">“Wait until you taste the spring water,” one of the Slow Food veterans told us. I was slightly taken aback; I didn’t see any drinking water around. </span></div>
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<span style="color: #555555;"><br /></span><span style="color: #555555;">When Operations Manager and tour guide David Sumida waded into the stream and proceeded to cup a large gulp with his hands, I was shocked to think that water at one’s feet could be clean enough to drink. Granted, I’m a total townie, but to be fair to myself, I was looking at Sears next door!</span></div>
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<span style="color: #555555;"><br /></span><span style="color: #555555;">It turns out the reason the farm is located where it is is due to the abundance of spring water around Pearl Harbor. There are twelve watercress farms in Oahu, each growing a different variety of watercress, but all twelve are in the vicinity of the Pearl Harbor Spring (the rest around Pearl City and Waipahu). Sumida Farm is the furthest east of these farms, and therefore has the highest water quality from the spring.</span></div>
<h2 style="text-align: center;">
<img class="irc_mi" src="http://www.kitv.com/image/view/-/22925486/highRes/2/-/maxh/630/maxw/1200/-/au6171/-/img-Where-You-Live-Sumida-Farm.jpg" height="225" style="margin-top: 29px;" width="400" /></h2>
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Sumida Farm<span style="background-color: white;"><span></span></span></h2>
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Unique farm borders Pearlridge Shopping Center<span style="background-color: white;"><span></span></span></h2>
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<span style="background-color: blue;"><a href="http://www.kitv.com/news/hawaii/where-you-live/where-you-live-sumida-farm/22933382"><span style="color: #555555;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: blue;">http://www.kitv.com/news/hawaii/where-you-live/where-you-live-sumida-farm/22933382</span><span></span></span></span></a></span><br />
</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="color: #555555;"> </span><span class=" authorLocation">AIEA —</span>If you've ever eaten
watercress in Hawaii, there's a good chance it came from Sumida Farm in
Aiea. You may have noticed the farm if you've ever driven past the
Pearlridge Shopping Center. Some people say the best-tasting watercress
in the world is grown there, perhaps because of its most unusual
location.</div>
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"We're harvesting in this area, we just harvested this one," explains David Sumida during a walk through of the farm.</div>
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David
and his sister Barbara are the third generation of Sumidas to manage
this land. Their grandparents took over the 10 acres back in 1928 when
much of it was used to grow taro.</div>
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"The farm is 85-years-old now," said David.</div>
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<br /></div>
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The
farm took root under their father, who planted only watercress. It was a
decision that's made this farm flourish today, but the payoff didn't
come without a price. As time passed, in came development, and being
pushed out was what the Sumidas were up against.</div>
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"The developer
wanted to take away the lease for this plot here to develop, it was
going to become the phase three of the Pearlridge center," said David.
"My dad was fighting for this farm because it was his farm, it was the
family farm, they wanted to keep it."</div>
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All of the water used on the land is natural, coming from springs.</div>
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"The water has lots of mana; when I realized that, </h3>
<h3 style="text-align: center;">
everything came together," said David.</h3>
<span style="color: #555555;"><br /></span><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G4-QTKuZpKk" target="_blank">https://www.youtube.com/watch?<wbr></wbr>v=G4-QTKuZpKk</a><br />
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<a href="https://www.google.com/maps/@21.3828581,-157.9435453,665m/data=!3m1!1e3" target="_blank">https://www.google.com/maps/@<wbr></wbr>21.3828581,-157.9435453,665m/<wbr></wbr>data=!3m1!1e3</a><br />
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<h2 class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
Ewa Plantation Prime Ag Land Still Retains Centuries Old Traditional Agricultural Features </h2>
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<i><a href="http://honouliuli.blogspot.com/2015/05/ewa-plantation-prime-ag-land.html">http://honouliuli.blogspot.com/2015/05/ewa-plantation-prime-ag-land.html</a></i></div>
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West Oahu Residents Speak Out At Important Ag Lands And Hoopili Station Meetings</h2>
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<a href="http://honouliuli.blogspot.com/2015/06/west-oahu-residents-speak-out.html"><span style="color: #cc3300;">http://honouliuli.blogspot.com/2015/06/west-oahu-residents-speak-out.html</span></a></div>
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<u><br /></u></div>
<h2 style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;">
FTA and HART Rail Misrepresent The True Ewa Honouliuli Native Hawaiian Spirit Pathway </h2>
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<a href="http://honouliuli.blogspot.com/2015/06/fta-and-hart-rail-misrepresent-TCP.html"><span style="color: #cc3300;">http://honouliuli.blogspot.com/2015/06/fta-and-hart-rail-misrepresent-TCP.html</span></a></div>
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<u><br /></u></h2>
<h2 style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;">
Honouliuli Ewa TCP's Are Important Wahi Pana (Sacred Places) On Multi-Dimensional Levels</h2>
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://honouliuli.blogspot.com/2015/06/honouliuli-ewa-tcps-are-important.html"><span style="color: #cc3300;">http://honouliuli.blogspot.com/2015/06/honouliuli-ewa-tcps-are-important.html</span></a></div>
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<u><br /></u></h2>
<h2 style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;">
Honouliuli Ewa's Makakilo Kalo'i Gulch - A Rare In Depth Survey Of This Important Cultural Property</h2>
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://honouliuli.blogspot.com/2015/06/honouliuli-ewa-makakilo-kaloi-gulch.html"><span style="color: #cc3300;">http://honouliuli.blogspot.com/2015/06/honouliuli-ewa-makakilo-kaloi-gulch.html</span></a></div>
Kanehilihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00772491490665346198noreply@blogger.comPearl City, HI, 21.396180053483967 -157.9737854003906221.366612553483968 -158.01412590039064 21.425747553483966 -157.93344490039061tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-110342046378403110.post-6422146347602069002015-08-01T18:12:00.000-07:002015-09-05T23:59:10.630-07:00Barbers Point - Kalaeloa - Ewa Beach, The Major Karst Sinkhole Ponds And Reef Blue Holes<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjLaM6PN4uYeRVv_8M50OYRSAC-tkDFtFVVRzeR4-_EprJFP8pbCV7P8zfP4Xq_HdmTxH3xsabVTVMMm3DGyf5Gp2-x-agZz2c6UOTr9zbDpFxWj8ydwGMCLIrJSPg7bdoeaT84T8pS5is/s1600/Springs-2-1928.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="150" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjLaM6PN4uYeRVv_8M50OYRSAC-tkDFtFVVRzeR4-_EprJFP8pbCV7P8zfP4Xq_HdmTxH3xsabVTVMMm3DGyf5Gp2-x-agZz2c6UOTr9zbDpFxWj8ydwGMCLIrJSPg7bdoeaT84T8pS5is/s1600/Springs-2-1928.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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Barbers Point - Kalaeloa - Ewa Beach, The Major Karst Sinkhole Ponds And Reef Blue Holes</h2>
<br />
<h2 class="post-title entry-title" itemprop="name" style="text-align: center;">
Oahu's Ewa Plain Karst Sinkholes And Caves Yield Extinct Bird Fossils
</h2>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<a href="http://ewa-hawaii-karst.blogspot.com/2015/01/ewa-plain-karst-sinkholes-and.html">http://ewa-hawaii-karst.blogspot.com/2015/01/ewa-plain-karst-sinkholes-and.html</a></div>
<h2 class="post-title entry-title" itemprop="name" style="text-align: center;">
US Fish & Wildlife Demonstrates How Ewa Plain Karst Can Be Restored</h2>
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<a href="http://ewa-hawaii-karst.blogspot.com/2014/12/us-fish-wildlife-ewa-preserve.html">http://ewa-hawaii-karst.blogspot.com/2014/12/us-fish-wildlife-ewa-preserve.html</a></div>
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<img height="204" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgtV60M8wOjPkoRFNMAi-28JW5rc_x8d1RxwWfRy9vkxKLKMclnVvDrPUcvoIyDGdgAmdfSvWQ-5VgHGLwVJL6sdcNGqfxo9g-UcuRm7_KCHRekiU05ghyphenhyphen9oC-UePBDgbFlYjMgr0Us3I8/s320/Marina_Sink-3.jpg" width="320" /> </div>
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Honolulu Cave Adventure: Punynari Explores Moiliili (Honolulu, Hawaii) Karst </h2>
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<a href="http://ewa-hawaii-karst.blogspot.com/2013/06/Honolulu-Cave-Adventure.html">http://ewa-hawaii-karst.blogspot.com/2013/06/Honolulu-Cave-Adventure.html</a></div>
<h2 style="text-align: center;">
Fantastic Must See Oahu Karst Cave Videos And Photos </h2>
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<a href="http://ewa-hawaii-karst.blogspot.com/2013/06/fantastic-must-see-oahu-karst-cave.html">http://ewa-hawaii-karst.blogspot.com/2013/06/fantastic-must-see-oahu-karst-cave.html</a></div>
<h2 style="text-align: center;">
Bio Diversity: The Moiliili Karst Formation</h2>
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<a href="http://ewa-hawaii-karst.blogspot.com/2013/06/Oahu-Karst-Caving.html">http://ewa-hawaii-karst.blogspot.com/2013/06/Oahu-Karst-Caving.html</a></div>
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Mōʻiliʻili Karst Water Cave</h2>
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<a href="http://ewa-hawaii-karst.blogspot.com/2013/06/Massive-Honolulu-Cavein.html">http://ewa-hawaii-karst.blogspot.com/2013/06/Massive-Honolulu-Cavein.html</a></div>
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Hiking Hawaii: Moiliili (Honolulu, Hawaii) Karst Cave</h2>
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<a href="http://ewa-hawaii-karst.blogspot.com/2013/06/Spooky-Oahu-Karst-Cave.html">http://ewa-hawaii-karst.blogspot.com/2013/06/Spooky-Oahu-Karst-Cave.html</a></div>
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Video and Links: Mo'ili'ili Underground Caverns Video </h2>
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<a href="http://ewa-hawaii-karst.blogspot.com/2013/06/Oahu-Underground-Cave-Video.html">http://ewa-hawaii-karst.blogspot.com/2013/06/Oahu-Underground-Cave-Video.html</a></div>
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Karst Cave Hiking Adventure: Moili'ili Karst Exploration </h2>
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<a href="http://ewa-hawaii-karst.blogspot.com/2013/06/Oahu-Karst-Cave-Adventure.html">http://ewa-hawaii-karst.blogspot.com/2013/06/Oahu-Karst-Cave-Adventure.html</a></div>
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Kanehilihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00772491490665346198noreply@blogger.comEwa Beach, HI, USA21.307127396351575 -158.0283737182617221.292333896351575 -158.04854371826173 21.321920896351575 -158.00820371826171tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-110342046378403110.post-60813890642607281072015-01-10T02:16:00.000-08:002015-09-06T00:07:32.179-07:00Ancient Karst Reef Sinkholes On The Ewa Plain Hold Secrets To Oahu’s Earliest Residents<h2 style="text-align: center;">
Looking Back by Looking Down </h2>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b>By Chad Pata, August 22, 2014 Go Kapolei Magazine</b></div>
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<div style="text-align: center;">
<a href="http://gokapoleimagazine.com/history/looking-back-looking/">http://gokapoleimagazine.com/history/looking-back-looking/</a></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
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In general, sinkholes are created over centuries as the acidity of rainwater eats away at the limestone, causing underground caverns to form and eventually give way to the weight of the earth above them.<br />
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Here in Kapolei, anyone who has ever put a shovel in the ground knows that the entire plain is made up of an ancient reef that dried up as ocean waters receded 120,000 years ago. This weathered karst, as it is known, is a limestone substrate that through the centuries was eaten away by the rains creating thousands of vertical bell-shaped caves or sinkholes.<br />
<br />
While they are—geologically speaking—of some interest, their true value comes from their unintended ability to serve as a trap for animals. Due to their vertical nature, once a creature found itself in such a place, there was little chance of escape as scaling the walls was impossible and rare is the bird that can hover straight up like a helicopter to escape these narrow confines.<br />
<br />
So what we had was a perfect repository to collect fossils of the wildlife that occupied these islands long before the Polynesians ever set foot on this volcanic chain.<br />
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Unfortunately, 99 percent of these “fossil tombs” have either been bulldozed for agricultural lands, lain over with concrete for development or simply lost to the ever-shifting sands of time, which brings us back to our little six-acre plot in Kapolei.<br />
<br />
They were first discovered in the 1970s by Jennie Peterson, an archaeologist with Bishop Museum, as she was doing an environmental impact study on the once-proposed Deep Draft Harbor, but the history of the sinkholes would be written by local zoologist Dr. Alan Ziegler who spent decades exploring, documenting and teaching others about the wonders to be found out here on the Plain.<br />
<br />
Eventually, the Smithsonian got involved with the project and the preeminent avian paleontologists Storrs Olson and Helen James came in to examine the remains.<br />
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What they found was astounding. More than 40 extinct species were interned in the sinkholes and of whose existence no one had known until they were discovered here.<br />
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There were remains of sea eagles and hawks, flightless rails and finches, and most shocking of all the moa nalo, which in Hawaiian means “lost fowl.” It was a three-foot tall flightless goose-like duck with a head like a tortoise. Many of the remains were in articulated form, as they had most likely died in the sinkhole after having fallen in, giving scientists an unadulterated look into our distant past.<br />
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“Back in the day, with all these birds, it must have been quite a raucous place!” says Marjorie Ziegler, daughter of Alan and executive director for the Conservation Council for Hawai‘i who hopes to oversee the care of the preserve one day.<br />
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Many of these remains now reside in Washington, D.C. at the Smithsonian and while the important artifacts have been removed, there is still much for future generations to learn at this holdover from pre-human contact Hawai‘i.<br />
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For years the CCH and Hawai‘i Nature Center led tours to the sinkholes, allowing children a chance to play archaeologists for a day. Ladders would be set up, many of the holes are 8-feet deep, and the kids would descend into the depths to use trawls, scoop sand and bring buckets of it to the surface.<br />
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Here they would use screens to discover the bones of Hawaiian petryls, the ‘ua‘u, that is only found on neighbor islands now and the beaks of long-gone crows who used to call O‘ahu home. They would always return the remains to the sinkhole to allow the next group to discover them.<br />
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But in recent years, invasive species of plants have overgrown the property, the holes are obscured by weeds making it difficult to find them or, even worse, hard to see their openings until you are falling into one.<br />
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The sea air and vandals have ravaged the fencing; and while still protected on paper, Ziegler is concerned about what could happen to this valuable natural resource.<br />
“I worry less about homeless people setting up camp in there than about the accidental bulldozer collapsing them,” says Ziegler.<br />
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The holdup on the turnover of the land to the DLNR is a modern-world one.<br />
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The property cannot be conveyed until the surrounding land is subdivided and the subdivision cannot happen until there is improved road access to the surrounding industrial park development. This development, named Kapolei Harborside is planned to happen over the next decade, so while the plan is still to turn the land over to the DLNR, it may be some time before the public gets to visit this important bit of our area’s history.<br />
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When this lot at the corner of Malakole and Hanua streets is officially turned over, Ziegler and her team at CCH have big plans for the sinkholes starting with clearing the land of all the invasive species, including many large kiawe trees, and marking the sinks so that the visitors can be safe when visiting.<br />
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Next will be to build an educational area where kupuna can talk about these extinct species before kids go visit the sinkholes. And here, Ziegler’s visions can finally be realized, as amongst the remains our ancient past, the minds of our future can grow.<br />
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<div style="text-align: center;">
For more on the Conservation Council for Hawai‘i, log on to <a href="http://www.conservehi.org/" target="_blank">www.conservehi.org</a></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhXz1OLO4uUZjpRI2uuCW3iKkoH4p3dBSmKAFd2CQSEtcGwyIkShp8kuMJS9NwLi_csnZV0WMcEcoTbPguDkFiNgsAnp9GiBb9mtvVPkEetwvtfxqByljhaZFDqfIQh7VLQjG_ZbLkd2Fc/s1600/sink_2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhXz1OLO4uUZjpRI2uuCW3iKkoH4p3dBSmKAFd2CQSEtcGwyIkShp8kuMJS9NwLi_csnZV0WMcEcoTbPguDkFiNgsAnp9GiBb9mtvVPkEetwvtfxqByljhaZFDqfIQh7VLQjG_ZbLkd2Fc/s1600/sink_2.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiDPVZwIZhoxmUY_ekEGDGF8rfQ3JsODP9cEhKIGbVTF21MLhYKo3n6MidNru3wuePCEWV6hG3Db_jgrl_lO-MxdFDOym-soGDkm3GQlbSbbtDgI-6ONgrjeJaPgdwTemk4lUlMfjbjHEE/s1600/sink_.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiDPVZwIZhoxmUY_ekEGDGF8rfQ3JsODP9cEhKIGbVTF21MLhYKo3n6MidNru3wuePCEWV6hG3Db_jgrl_lO-MxdFDOym-soGDkm3GQlbSbbtDgI-6ONgrjeJaPgdwTemk4lUlMfjbjHEE/s1600/sink_.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgajUB04WqSITA4Z0g3U0wWzKpA1KSF4Lw1XUrezC9NOw8rgxQ1KyoHHYse66m0FM3zCcHk7rnlNoafTNMh7nF9ZT45IFA9R_VjyaQA7n188tee-4hRx_kb5c-1AnLDN5YMDVLK127X070/s1600/sink_3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgajUB04WqSITA4Z0g3U0wWzKpA1KSF4Lw1XUrezC9NOw8rgxQ1KyoHHYse66m0FM3zCcHk7rnlNoafTNMh7nF9ZT45IFA9R_VjyaQA7n188tee-4hRx_kb5c-1AnLDN5YMDVLK127X070/s1600/sink_3.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVk0o1A8rvsuZjdOohjzum_eluo517CFnIHr79u9hEgn0FwLN6fml2Sf2yOf3u_Y80upAPKmo7IBZbDDu61TCQZv3I6tix2Qa-kZvrZGPUspDe5gYCz26vn-XFKolJesmw8-hw83akQMk/s1600/FWS-Kalaeloa1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="215" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVk0o1A8rvsuZjdOohjzum_eluo517CFnIHr79u9hEgn0FwLN6fml2Sf2yOf3u_Y80upAPKmo7IBZbDDu61TCQZv3I6tix2Qa-kZvrZGPUspDe5gYCz26vn-XFKolJesmw8-hw83akQMk/s1600/FWS-Kalaeloa1.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<b>SINKHOLE BIRDS THAT ARE EXTINCT</b></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b><br /></b></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
Extinct species of birds from sinkholes on the 'Ewa Plain:</div>
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<i>Pterodroma jugabilis,</i> a medium-sized petrel<br />
<i>Thambetochen xanion,</i> a large flightless species of waterfowl (moa nalo)<br />
<i>Branta (uncertain species),</i> a weak-flying goose, closely related to the nene<br />
<i>Porzana ziegleri,</i> a small flightless rail<br />
<i>Porzana ralphorum,</i> a large flightless rail<br />
<i>Circus dossenus,</i> a small harrier, apparently adapted to feed on forest birds<br />
<i>Grallistrix geleches,</i> a long-legged, bird-eating owl<br />
<i>Corvus impluviatus,</i> a raven-sized crow with a deep, arched bill<br />
<i>Corvus viriosus,</i> a raven-sized crow with a long, straight bill<br />
<i>Myadestes oahuensis,</i> the O'ahu thrush<br />
<i>Moho apicalis,</i> the O'ahu 'o'o (a honeyeater)<br />
<i>Chaetoptila (related to) angustipluma,</i> a large honeyeater<br />
<i>Telespiza persecutrix,</i> a small finch similar to the Laysan and Nihoa finches<br />
<i>Chloridops wahi,</i> a grosbeak finch similar to the extinct Kona finch of the Big Island.<br />
<i>Chloridops regiskongi,</i> a grosbeak finch with a really large bill, nicknamed King Kong finch.<br />
<i>Rhodacanthis litotes,</i> similar to the extinct koa-finches of the Big Island.<br />
<i>Xestospiza fastigialis,</i> a finch with a conical bill that was once common on O'ahu, Moloka'i and Maui.<br />
<i>Hemignathus upupirostris,</i> an 'akialoa (Hawaiian honeycreeper with a long, thin, decurved bill)<br />
<i>Aidemedia chascax,</i> a Hawaiian honeycreeper with a long, straight bill<br />
<i>Aidemedia zanclops,</i> a Hawaiian honeycreeper with a sickle-shaped bill<br />
<i>Ciridops (uncertain species),</i> a short-billed, strong-legged Hawaiian honeycreeper of a type previously known only from the Big Island.<br />
<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b>SINKHOLE BIRDS STILL THRIVING</b></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
Sinkhole birds that are not extinct:</div>
<br />
<i>Pterodroma sandwichensis,</i> the Hawaiian petrel; not previously known from O'ahu but bones are abundant in the sinkholes, showing that the region once had a major colony.<br />
<i>Haliaeetus (related to) albicilla,</i> the white-tailed sea eagle. These eagles were either resident in the Islands or were regular visitors in the past. (A sea eagle was spotted on Kaua'i and possibly on O'ahu late last year and earlier this year.)<br />
<i>Telespiza cantans,</i> the Laysan finch, known historically only from Laysan Island.<br />
<i>Loxioides bailleui,</i> the Palila, known historically only from high-elevation Big Island mamane-naio forest.<br />
<br />
<i>Source: Helen James, Smithsonian Institution</i><br />
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<h2 class="post-title entry-title" itemprop="name" style="text-align: center;">
Oahu's Ewa Plain Karst Sinkholes And Caves Yield Extinct Bird Fossils
</h2>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<a href="http://ewa-hawaii-karst.blogspot.com/2015/01/ewa-plain-karst-sinkholes-and.html">http://ewa-hawaii-karst.blogspot.com/2015/01/ewa-plain-karst-sinkholes-and.html</a></div>
<h2 class="post-title entry-title" itemprop="name" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">US Fish Wildlife Demonstrates How </span></h2>
<h2 class="post-title entry-title" itemprop="name" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">
Ewa Plain Karst Can Be Restored</span></h2>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<a href="http://ewa-hawaii-karst.blogspot.com/2014/12/us-fish-wildlife-ewa-preserve.html">http://ewa-hawaii-karst.blogspot.com/2014/12/us-fish-wildlife-ewa-preserve.html</a></div>
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Kanehilihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00772491490665346198noreply@blogger.comKapolei, HI21.3353909 -158.056896521.2762329 -158.1375775 21.3945489 -157.9762155tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-110342046378403110.post-30400911431028677292015-01-10T02:08:00.000-08:002015-09-06T00:04:18.535-07:00Oahu's Ewa Plain Karst Sinkholes And Caves Yield Extinct Bird Fossils <h2 style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, serif; font-size: large;">Oahu's Ewa Plain Karst Sinkholes And Caves Yield Extinct Bird Fossils </span></h2>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, serif;">By Jan TenBruggencate, Advertiser Science Writer August 7, 2007 </span></b><br />
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, serif;"><br /></span>
<a href="http://the.honoluluadvertiser.com/article/2007/Aug/07/ln/hawaii708070352.html"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, serif;">http://the.honoluluadvertiser.com/article/2007/Aug/07/ln/hawaii708070352.html</span></a><br />
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, serif;"><br /></span>
<b>SINKHOLE BIRDS THAT ARE EXTINCT</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
Extinct species of birds from sinkholes on the 'Ewa Plain:<br />
<div style="text-align: start;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: start;">
<i>Pterodroma jugabilis,</i> a medium-sized petrel</div>
<div style="text-align: start;">
<i>Thambetochen xanion,</i> a large flightless species of waterfowl (moa nalo)</div>
<div style="text-align: start;">
<i>Branta (uncertain species),</i> a weak-flying goose, closely related to the nene</div>
<div style="text-align: start;">
<i>Porzana ziegleri,</i> a small flightless rail</div>
<div style="text-align: start;">
<i>Porzana ralphorum,</i> a large flightless rail</div>
<div style="text-align: start;">
<i>Circus dossenus,</i> a small harrier, apparently adapted to feed on forest birds</div>
<div style="text-align: start;">
<i>Grallistrix geleches,</i> a long-legged, bird-eating owl</div>
<div style="text-align: start;">
<i>Corvus impluviatus,</i> a raven-sized crow with a deep, arched bill</div>
<div style="text-align: start;">
<i>Corvus viriosus,</i> a raven-sized crow with a long, straight bill</div>
<div style="text-align: start;">
<i>Myadestes oahuensis,</i> the O'ahu thrush</div>
<div style="text-align: start;">
<i>Moho apicalis,</i> the O'ahu 'o'o (a honeyeater)</div>
<div style="text-align: start;">
<i>Chaetoptila (related to) angustipluma,</i> a large honeyeater</div>
<div style="text-align: start;">
<i>Telespiza persecutrix,</i> a small finch similar to the Laysan and Nihoa finches</div>
<div style="text-align: start;">
<i>Chloridops wahi,</i> a grosbeak finch similar to the extinct Kona finch of the Big Island.</div>
<div style="text-align: start;">
<i>Chloridops regiskongi,</i> a grosbeak finch with a really large bill, nicknamed King Kong finch.</div>
<div style="text-align: start;">
<i>Rhodacanthis litotes,</i> similar to the extinct koa-finches of the Big Island.</div>
<div style="text-align: start;">
<i>Xestospiza fastigialis,</i> a finch with a conical bill that was once common on O'ahu, Moloka'i and Maui.</div>
<div style="text-align: start;">
<i>Hemignathus upupirostris,</i> an 'akialoa (Hawaiian honeycreeper with a long, thin, decurved bill)</div>
<div style="text-align: start;">
<i>Aidemedia chascax,</i> a Hawaiian honeycreeper with a long, straight bill</div>
<div style="text-align: start;">
<i>Aidemedia zanclops,</i> a Hawaiian honeycreeper with a sickle-shaped bill</div>
<div style="text-align: start;">
<i>Ciridops (uncertain species),</i> a short-billed, strong-legged Hawaiian honeycreeper of a type previously known only from the Big Island.</div>
<div style="text-align: start;">
<br /></div>
<b>SINKHOLE BIRDS STILL THRIVING</b><br />
<br />
Sinkhole birds that are not extinct:<br />
<div style="text-align: start;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: start;">
<i>Pterodroma sandwichensis,</i> the Hawaiian petrel; not previously known from O'ahu but bones are abundant in the sinkholes, showing that the region once had a major colony.</div>
<div style="text-align: start;">
<i>Haliaeetus (related to) albicilla,</i> the white-tailed sea eagle. These eagles were either resident in the Islands or were regular visitors in the past. (A sea eagle was spotted on Kaua'i and possibly on O'ahu late last year and earlier this year.)</div>
<div style="text-align: start;">
<i>Telespiza cantans,</i> the Laysan finch, known historically only from Laysan Island.</div>
<div style="text-align: start;">
<i>Loxioides bailleui,</i> the Palila, known historically only from high-elevation Big Island mamane-naio forest.</div>
<div style="text-align: start;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<i>Source: Helen James, Smithsonian Institution</i></div>
<div style="text-align: start;">
<i><br /></i></div>
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<h2 style="text-align: center;">
<span class="storyHeadline" style="color: black; font-family: Times New Roman, Times, serif;">Oahu sinkholes yield extinct birds</span></h2>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span class="storyText" style="color: black;">The baking sun and thorny kiawe trees of Kapolei hide dense caches of history, relics from a time when the 'Ewa Plain was a dense forest alive with strange birds now long extinct.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span class="storyText" style="color: black;">In those years, before the arrival of humans, the amazing moa nalo lumbered through the trees. It was a 3-foot-tall, flightless gooselike duck — the largest of the Native Hawaiian birds. Flightless rails and geese waddled around with it. Overhead flew a sea eagle, owls, crows, a hawk and bats. Finches and other perching birds flitted among the trees.</span></span></div>
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Most of these birds have been extinct for hundreds of years.</div>
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But proof of their existence lies in the bottom of limestone "sinkholes" where they sometimes were trapped and died, leaving their bones and beaks behind. The shells of now-extinct tree snails, and the pollen from the plants that once forested this area are found in sediments with the bones.</div>
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The sinkholes are vertical caves in an ancient reef that grew during a period 120,000 years ago when sea levels were much higher. There once were thousands of sinkholes across the 'Ewa Plain — time traps that preserved evidence from Hawai'i's prehistory.</div>
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Most have already been filled or covered by development.</div>
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Kapolei Property Development, which is proposing a 350-acre light industrial park at Kapolei, plans to preserve a six-acre parcel of undisturbed land that contains several of the sinkholes.</div>
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A chain-link fence, stained pale brown with the coral dust of the region, protects the acreage.</div>
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"This area hasn't been touched," said Steve Kelly, manager of development for Kapolei Property Development. "It was fenced in the early 1990s by the Estate of James Campbell, and we plan to put a new fence around it. We will be looking to pass on the property to some appropriate entity."</div>
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Scientists and community leaders cheer the firm's decision.</div>
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"This is a community resource, a place where people can come and learn about the past," said Ati Jeffers-Fabro, an environmental educator who has brought kids to the sinkholes to learn natural history.</div>
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"This is all we have left of a unique geological and biological setting in these Islands," said Helen James, a fossil bird expert at the Smithsonian Institution, who with her former husband, Storrs Olson, has taken the lead in identifying the ancient bones and beaks. "For future understanding and research of the Islands' natural history, we should preserve this."</div>
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The Conservation Council for Hawai'i is spearheading the effort to ensure protection for the sinkholes. Council executive director Marjorie Ziegler said the organization would like the six-acre plot to be transferred to the Department of Land and Natural Resources, perhaps designated as a state Natural Area Reserve. But if not that organization, some other caretaker should be established, she said.</div>
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Key goals are protection, scientific research, public education and the possible reforestation of the area with some of the native plants that the pollen record proves once lived here, Ziegler said.</div>
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The first person to find bird bones in sinkholes here was Jennie Peterson, now the environmental education program manager with the Hawai'i Nature Center. During the 1970s, she was an archaeologist with Bishop Museum, studying the area for an environmental impact statement on the then-proposed Deep Draft Harbor.</div>
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"I was digging in a large sinkhole when I found bones. They were so big that I thought they were mammal bones, but I knew they couldn't be because they were too light," she said.</div>
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<b>'VANISHED FOWL'</b></div>
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No animal known to have lived in Hawai'i could have produced those bones, so she took them to Bishop Museum zoologist Alan Ziegler, Marjorie Ziegler's dad. He recognized they were the same class as extinct birds whose bones had been found in sand dune deposits on Moloka'i, and consulted with Olson, the Smithsonian Institution fossil bird expert, who happened to be conducting research on Maui.</div>
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It was a huge bird like nothing alive in the world today.</div>
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They called the group "vanished fowl," or moa nalo in Hawaiian. There are examples in the fossil record on all the major islands. The O'ahu moa nalo was given the scientific name of Thambetochen xanion.</div>
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A grazing animal, it looked most like a huge goose, but appeared to be most closely related to the dabbling ducks, said James, with the Smithsonian. The moa nalo had lost the ability to fly, and its flight muscles — robust in ducks and geese — were just thin straps across its chest, she said.</div>
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Further digging in sinkholes — some of them dry, and some with pools so deep that scuba gear was needed — yielded the bones of dozens of species of flightless birds, land birds, sea birds and raptors. The most common bones came from the ua'u, or Hawaiian dark-rumped petrel. This seabird has never been reported from O'ahu in historic times, but the fossil evidence shows there was an immense number of the birds here at one time.</div>
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"There must have been a major colony here. The whole 'Ewa Plain was just covered in them," James said.</div>
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When a team of visiting scientists, students and community members explored the six-acre Kapolei site last month, in a few minutes, one collected a handful of bones lying in plain view on the floor of a sinkhole. The collection included wing bones from ua'u and an extinct crow, skulls of ua'u and the beak of a very large, raven-sized extinct crow. The extinct crow has been named Corvus impluviatus.</div>
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Today, people think of the arid Kapolei area as former desert, but in pre-human times, it was forested.'</div>
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Researchers have found shells from extinct tree snails, and the pollen from the kinds of vegetation that probably once populated 'Ewa, including pritchardia palms, an acacia that was probably koai'a, and a critically endangered legume called kanaloa.</div>
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<b>SURVIVAL PRECARIOUS</b></div>
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Once common, the kanaloa was found growing on Kaho'olawe, but its survival is exceedingly precarious, with just one plant in the wild and one in captivity. There has been no success in getting it to reproduce.</div>
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Preliminary dating of the sinkhole material suggests that most of the bird species were in the region for thousands of years, and most disappeared from the area in the years after human contact with the Islands. It is not yet clear what the direct cause was — perhaps humans directly feeding on birds, fire or other kinds of habitat disturbance, human-brought rats that could have both eaten vegetation and bird eggs, or something else.</div>
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Michigan State University zoology professor Peggy Ostrom is conducting studies to help answer some of the questions. She said she and her students will attempt to extract proteins from fossils for radio-carbon dating, and to analyze material in the bones to gain information about what the birds ate.</div>
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She and James also hope to find clues about the fate of the sinkhole birds.</div>
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"I'd be careful about making assumptions. It could have been a number of things," Ostrom said.</div>
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There is very little left of the prehistoric life of this region. Almost all the vegetation is modern weeds and hardy introduced trees like kiawe and banyan.</div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">But deep in at least one of the wet sinkholes, in a tiny pool of brackish water, by the illumination from a flashlight, you can see tiny flickers of movement. They are the native anchialine shrimp — living in darkness and among the last survivors of the time when this region was alive with forms of life no living human has ever seen.</span></div>
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<h2 class="post-title entry-title" itemprop="name" style="text-align: center;">
Oahu's Ewa Plain Karst Sinkholes And Caves Yield Extinct Bird Fossils
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<a href="http://ewa-hawaii-karst.blogspot.com/2015/01/ewa-plain-karst-sinkholes-and.html">http://ewa-hawaii-karst.blogspot.com/2015/01/ewa-plain-karst-sinkholes-and.html</a><br />
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<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">US Fish & Wildlife Demonstrates How Ewa Plain Karst Can Be Restored</span></h2>
<a href="http://ewa-hawaii-karst.blogspot.com/2014/12/us-fish-wildlife-ewa-preserve.html">http://ewa-hawaii-karst.blogspot.com/2014/12/us-fish-wildlife-ewa-preserve.html</a></div>
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Kanehilihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00772491490665346198noreply@blogger.comKapolei, HI21.3353909 -158.056896521.2762329 -158.1375775 21.3945489 -157.9762155tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-110342046378403110.post-17236306943882933592014-12-27T02:40:00.002-08:002015-08-01T18:23:16.950-07:00Ewa Plain Karst: A Precise Cut Into The Karst For An Amazing View Back In Time<h2 style="text-align: center;">
Ewa Plain Karst: A Precise Cut Into The Karst For An Amazing View Back In Time</h2>
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by John Bond, Kanehili Hui</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhsG06INvDdHjY6Of37k3S3Ww8gYrrCv9SwKPXKGDjl-mJpuVwlDHG7H257AlqMR6Kw13QVyEH3R895TxhdjF78KSSy2GFJ8z4RNp4eQIosnHiv3pg5LqoQOp_JfcKdmqSpzw4aIP_MsfQ/s1600/IMG_8857-b.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="161" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhsG06INvDdHjY6Of37k3S3Ww8gYrrCv9SwKPXKGDjl-mJpuVwlDHG7H257AlqMR6Kw13QVyEH3R895TxhdjF78KSSy2GFJ8z4RNp4eQIosnHiv3pg5LqoQOp_JfcKdmqSpzw4aIP_MsfQ/s1600/IMG_8857-b.jpg" width="320" /></a><br />
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<b>A precise long cut into the karst near Barbers Point light house reveals pre-history</b></div>
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A drainage canal on the Ewa Plain tells an interesting story about pre-history </div>
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and early native Hawaiian karst culture. This area is all ancient limestone reef.<br />
It was at one time many thousands of years ago an ocean reef teeming with<br />
fish and many types of coral. When the sea level dropped, acidic rain water<br />
began dissolving the calcium carbonate forming sinkholes and caves.</div>
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When this cutting work was done is not known at this time, but possibly 1960's. </div>
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A quarry cutting saw was likely used - an amazing slice into the ancient Ewa reef</div>
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A smooth water "pipe" feature like this indicates a long period of acidic rain water flow</div>
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Several types of karst sinkhole and cave features can be seen in one place</div>
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More variations in how rain water and time eroded through the reef after sea level fell</div>
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The tunnels and channels through the ancient reef vary greatly based on coral species </div>
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This actually looks like it could have been a native habitation and possible burial site</div>
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This was likely formed over centuries by an upland stream of water passing through</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjOXj05afKwWPl36bWTLSpP8pKRrNRub3e18Gky7c_xPBAtzKIQdCrve3VNAaspKoAgCYQhi4bRoIO_mP0-Uhrxbza8cldrTtbnEwEmg_1dwcne1_s_PeyRxxTdOf6gDF1r6mJLak_Q7Dw/s1600/IMG_8847-b.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjOXj05afKwWPl36bWTLSpP8pKRrNRub3e18Gky7c_xPBAtzKIQdCrve3VNAaspKoAgCYQhi4bRoIO_mP0-Uhrxbza8cldrTtbnEwEmg_1dwcne1_s_PeyRxxTdOf6gDF1r6mJLak_Q7Dw/s1600/IMG_8847-b.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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Who knows - this could have contained ancient bird bones and plant seeds long extinct</div>
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A channel like this is just a microcosm of larger channels much further down in the karst </div>
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A great cross section of a sinkhole which could lead down to a sea water cave chamber</div>
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A quarry saw was likely used to cut this drainage canal like a piece of cake.</div>
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Photos By John Bond, Kanehili Cultural Hui</div>
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Honolulu Cave Adventure: Punynari Explores Moiliili (Honolulu, Hawaii) Karst </h2>
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<a href="http://ewa-hawaii-karst.blogspot.com/2013/06/Honolulu-Cave-Adventure.html">http://ewa-hawaii-karst.blogspot.com/2013/06/Honolulu-Cave-Adventure.html</a></div>
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Fantastic Must See Oahu Karst Cave Videos And Photos </h2>
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<a href="http://ewa-hawaii-karst.blogspot.com/2013/06/fantastic-must-see-oahu-karst-cave.html">http://ewa-hawaii-karst.blogspot.com/2013/06/fantastic-must-see-oahu-karst-cave.html</a></div>
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Bio Diversity: The Moiliili Karst Formation</h2>
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<a href="http://ewa-hawaii-karst.blogspot.com/2013/06/Oahu-Karst-Caving.html">http://ewa-hawaii-karst.blogspot.com/2013/06/Oahu-Karst-Caving.html</a></div>
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Mōʻiliʻili Karst Water Cave</h2>
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<a href="http://ewa-hawaii-karst.blogspot.com/2013/06/Massive-Honolulu-Cavein.html">http://ewa-hawaii-karst.blogspot.com/2013/06/Massive-Honolulu-Cavein.html</a></div>
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Hiking Hawaii: Moiliili (Honolulu, Hawaii) Karst Cave</h2>
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<a href="http://ewa-hawaii-karst.blogspot.com/2013/06/Spooky-Oahu-Karst-Cave.html">http://ewa-hawaii-karst.blogspot.com/2013/06/Spooky-Oahu-Karst-Cave.html</a></div>
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Video and Links: Mo'ili'ili Underground Caverns Video </h2>
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<a href="http://ewa-hawaii-karst.blogspot.com/2013/06/Oahu-Underground-Cave-Video.html">http://ewa-hawaii-karst.blogspot.com/2013/06/Oahu-Underground-Cave-Video.html</a></div>
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Karst Cave Hiking Adventure: Moili'ili Karst Exploration </h2>
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<a href="http://ewa-hawaii-karst.blogspot.com/2013/06/Oahu-Karst-Cave-Adventure.html">http://ewa-hawaii-karst.blogspot.com/2013/06/Oahu-Karst-Cave-Adventure.html</a></div>
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Kanehilihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00772491490665346198noreply@blogger.comBarbers Point21.297416928783388 -158.0981622011719321.28262292878339 -158.11833220117194 21.312210928783387 -158.07799220117192tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-110342046378403110.post-19666470688369942472014-12-26T14:53:00.000-08:002015-09-06T00:08:18.744-07:00Opae Ula - The Native Hawaiian Fresh Water Karst Shrimp That Lives (Still Barely) Under The Ewa Plain<h2 style="text-align: center;">
Opae Ula - The Native Hawaiian Fresh Water Karst Shrimp That Lives (Still Barely) Under The Ewa Plain</h2>
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by John Bond Kanehili Cultural Hui<br />
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Opae`ula live under the Ewa Plain but their habitats are under great threat from developers filling karst reef sinkholes and caves with dirt and concrete.<br />
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<img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgNEMwpqpznW552lRw0wrHb9yXMg1BPIdD-3NSXV5R1aaFDjTeneP6blQTrzXsSCIxXBH3ZiVeGsCyfbRgVRQ4f5937K5MOZyoVf9BG00rIWQDwi59941ONIdwOpsh2L-Pk_XaVjv1QefA/s1600/FWS-Kalaeloa6.jpg" /><br />
<img height="229" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi8rOWhnRoeL6OeZ6tEDLTok5zwRR4F4gH1M_pF2Kv6oqnSBXN_XEhzU_2OVJaExtRsLb7nMdYTfXSOOP1KiNU9PoqhegUXqN6fJze0cnxSPXkkWfmAgFBRqDokv3QILQ0Up9lM2f2undA/s320/FWS-Kalaeloa2.jpg" width="320" /><br />
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Manoa School studied the opae`ula </h4>
Opae`ula are tiny shrimp that are usually red but can sometimes be pink or white. They are only found on the islands of Hawaii. Their scientific name is Halocaridina Rubra. That's a mouth full so we call them by their Hawaiian name, opae`ula. In the Hawaiian language <span style="font-style: italic;">opae</span> means <span style="font-style: italic;">shrimp</span> and <span style="font-style: italic;">ula</span> means <span style="font-style: italic;">red</span>. While these red shrimp are not endangered, their habitats are impacted by people. These animals can die from many things people do. The 4th and 5th grade classes of Manoa School studied the opae`ula and made mini habitats during the summer of 2012. Our mini habitats are now with us at home and we will be keeping <a href="http://opaeula.weebly.com/habitat-logs.html" title="">logs</a> of how they are doing. Please check out our site to learn more! </div>
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<a href="http://opaeula.weebly.com/">http://opaeula.weebly.com/</a><br />
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Coastal restoration and water quality monitoring at Kalaeloa</h3>
On the second day of the session, we traveled to Kalaeloa, which is very close to Kapolei High School. There, we met with Lorena Wada (Aunty Tap) of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. She is a wildlife biologist who does a lot of different type of work to save rare and endangered species.<br />
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This area is a wildlife refuge and from first glance, is not much to look at, but upon closer inspection, you can see why this is a special area. Once covered with tall, invasive trees, this area now is being restored with native Hawaiian coastal plants. And the anchialine ponds are now visible, which gives us a glimpse into the mysterious world underground.<br />
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<a href="http://hawaiigreencollarinstitute.blogspot.com/2011/12/coastal-restoration-and-water-quality.html">http://hawaiigreencollarinstitute.blogspot.com/2011/12/coastal-restoration-and-water-quality.html</a><br />
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A Visit To An Oahu Coral Habitat</h3>
Although the "pond" opening is small compared to the Big Island anchialine ponds, it is clear that several feet below the surface, that there is an interconnected labyrinth of passageways that allow the opae'ula to travel long distances through Oahu coral in much the same way as the lava tubes and cracks allow travel through porous Big Island lava.<br />
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The opae'ula of Oahu are distinctive and have bands. Some are pale throughout. A few are pale with red heads, others have various amounts of reddish and pale combinations. The photo is of the Waianae strain being maintained as part of the Fuku-Bonsai Micro-Lobster exhibit.<br />
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<a href="http://www.fukubonsai.com/M-L2b4.html">http://www.fukubonsai.com/M-L2b4.html</a><br />
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<img height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhjlwnx4T5j8A2JY6cBCNRjeRV3kttn4x3K33Co0FFPOs4D9M-NnV3yJirVoKrrt_OI6Y-okXk_Scp6QNVK-j7jkOCmqyHZvHR1YT7CX8E_uNVIogxySEptIeklLjIQWbxoF0ogQFbpmrQ/s400/sink_5.jpg" width="265" /><br />
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Oahu's Ewa Plain Karst Sinkholes And Caves Yield Extinct Bird Fossils
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<a href="http://ewa-hawaii-karst.blogspot.com/2015/01/ewa-plain-karst-sinkholes-and.html">http://ewa-hawaii-karst.blogspot.com/2015/01/ewa-plain-karst-sinkholes-and.html</a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">US Fish Wildlife Demonstrates How </span></h2>
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Ewa Plain Karst Can Be Restored</span></h2>
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<a href="http://ewa-hawaii-karst.blogspot.com/2014/12/us-fish-wildlife-ewa-preserve.html">http://ewa-hawaii-karst.blogspot.com/2014/12/us-fish-wildlife-ewa-preserve.html</a></div>
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Honolulu Cave Adventure: Punynari Explores Moiliili (Honolulu, Hawaii) Karst </h2>
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<a href="http://ewa-hawaii-karst.blogspot.com/2013/06/Honolulu-Cave-Adventure.html">http://ewa-hawaii-karst.blogspot.com/2013/06/Honolulu-Cave-Adventure.html</a></div>
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Fantastic Must See Oahu Karst Cave Videos And Photos </h2>
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<a href="http://ewa-hawaii-karst.blogspot.com/2013/06/fantastic-must-see-oahu-karst-cave.html">http://ewa-hawaii-karst.blogspot.com/2013/06/fantastic-must-see-oahu-karst-cave.html</a></div>
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Bio Diversity: The Moiliili Karst Formation</h2>
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<a href="http://ewa-hawaii-karst.blogspot.com/2013/06/Oahu-Karst-Caving.html">http://ewa-hawaii-karst.blogspot.com/2013/06/Oahu-Karst-Caving.html</a></div>
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Mōʻiliʻili Karst Water Cave</h2>
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<a href="http://ewa-hawaii-karst.blogspot.com/2013/06/Massive-Honolulu-Cavein.html">http://ewa-hawaii-karst.blogspot.com/2013/06/Massive-Honolulu-Cavein.html</a></div>
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Hiking Hawaii: Moiliili (Honolulu, Hawaii) Karst Cave</h2>
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<a href="http://ewa-hawaii-karst.blogspot.com/2013/06/Spooky-Oahu-Karst-Cave.html">http://ewa-hawaii-karst.blogspot.com/2013/06/Spooky-Oahu-Karst-Cave.html</a></div>
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Video and Links: Mo'ili'ili Underground Caverns Video </h2>
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<a href="http://ewa-hawaii-karst.blogspot.com/2013/06/Oahu-Underground-Cave-Video.html">http://ewa-hawaii-karst.blogspot.com/2013/06/Oahu-Underground-Cave-Video.html</a></div>
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Karst Cave Hiking Adventure: Moili'ili Karst Exploration </h2>
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<a href="http://ewa-hawaii-karst.blogspot.com/2013/06/Oahu-Karst-Cave-Adventure.html">http://ewa-hawaii-karst.blogspot.com/2013/06/Oahu-Karst-Cave-Adventure.html</a></div>
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Kanehilihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00772491490665346198noreply@blogger.comKapolei, HI,21.3353909 -158.056896521.2762329 -158.1375775 21.3945489 -157.9762155tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-110342046378403110.post-38255390877221139212014-12-25T19:48:00.002-08:002015-08-01T18:24:28.813-07:00The Ewa Plain Karst is the largest of several karsts on the island of Oahu<h2 style="text-align: center;">
The Ewa Plain Karst is the largest of several karsts on the island of Oahu</h2>
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Yet one of the least known! (The reason: Ewa developers oppose studies)</h3>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgU-yno3FSGUJ8pkopEBPi8ZHwhmu8PWc7jdNkhdsuGVaTtKDW0H7fPZSvzYnd1xxBchflSU17-90X2tTOem7x3DGpg2L0Pa0Vf3wxWmf7yGacjPcb5g3YxvMOqJpVJlCplo_5vkuQpueI/s1600/Sink.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="211" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgU-yno3FSGUJ8pkopEBPi8ZHwhmu8PWc7jdNkhdsuGVaTtKDW0H7fPZSvzYnd1xxBchflSU17-90X2tTOem7x3DGpg2L0Pa0Vf3wxWmf7yGacjPcb5g3YxvMOqJpVJlCplo_5vkuQpueI/s1600/Sink.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<i>Anne Wiley, Michigan State University doctoral student, left, and Andreanna Welch, doctoral student at the University of Maryland, look around in an Ewa sinkhole </i></div>
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<b style="font-family: Arial;">Despite its impressive extent and archaeological and palaeontological values, the Ewa Karst is almost entirely unknown to karstographers and speleologists. </b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial;"><i>(Pre-printed from The Cave Conservationist - February 1998)</i></span></div>
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<a href="http://caves.org/section/ccms/wrh/">http://caves.org/section/ccms/wrh/</a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial;">The Ewa Karst is the largest of several karsts on the well-populated island of Oahu, yet one of the least known (Halliday, 1994). Its exact dimensions are uncertain because geological maps show considerable upslope areas as alluvium and some shore areas as sand. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial;">However it clearly covers at least 50 km<sup>2</sup> in the southwest corner of the island of Oahu (Figure 1). It is a semitropical littoral karst formed on porous, permeable algal and coralline reef deposits formed during at least three high stands of sea level (Figure 2), perhaps with a higher content of sand-sized clasts of foraminifera than contemporaneous Caribbean deposits (Chester Lao, written communication, 1997). </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial;">Some artesian flow is said to be present, confined by clay layers (Chester Lao, oral communication, 1997). The U.S. Geological Survey Ewa Quadrangle shows numerous sinking streams and closed depressions within the Karst. Some of the former are artificial: the result of past water diversion for farming, ranching and domestic use. Some of the depressions are man made also. Most of the land surface of the karst has been subjected to more than a century of extensive reworking by man.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial;">In 1955, the late Harold S. Palmer (Professor of Geology at the University of Hawaii) told me he had seen a meter-long stalactite said to have come from a cave in the Ewa Karst (Halliday, 1955, 1958). Extensive bibliographic and some field investigations have yielded no information about this cave and it is not known if it still exists. In 1970, Macdonald and Ahhott mentioned the presence of small caves in calcarenite and aeolianite in this and several other karstic localities (Macdonald and Abbott, 1970) but did not amplify. </span><br />
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Sinkholes of Kalaeloa</h1>
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by <a href="http://hawaiianforest.com/wp/author/nyuen/" rel="author" title="Posts by Nate Yuen">Nate Yuen</a> | Mar 29, 2009</div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial;"><a href="http://hawaiianforest.com/wp/sinkholes-of-kalaeloa/">http://hawaiianforest.com/wp/sinkholes-of-kalaeloa/</a></span><br />
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I explored the kiawe forests of Kalaeloa — the former Barber’s Point Naval Air Station — to investigate the innumerable sinkholes in the limestone that were once home to rare native land snails.<br />
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Limestone, the remnants of coral reefs when the sea level was higher, underlies the greater part of Kalaeloa and the Ewa Plain. Located in the rain shadow of the Koolau and Waianae Mountains, Kalaeloa is located in the driest corner of Oahu, receiving less than 20 inches of rain per year. While the surface of the land is dry and hot for most of the year, just below the surface lies ground water which seeps from the mountains under the Ewa Plain.<br />
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<a href="http://studiamirabilium.com/2012/09/22/beacons-from-the-ewa-plains/" rel="bookmark" sl-processed="1"><span style="color: black; font-size: x-large;">Beacons from the Ewa Plains</span></a></h2>
September 22, 2012<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span><br />
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<a href="http://studiamirabilium.com/2012/09/22/beacons-from-the-ewa-plains/">http://studiamirabilium.com/2012/09/22/beacons-from-the-ewa-plains/</a><br />
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Not too many people think of the natural wonders of Hawai’i when they see the Ewa Plains. The present is dominant by such thoughts as commute times, median home prices, proximity to good schools. People do think of its rich past: many extinct native birds have been found fossilized in the uplifted limestone plains. But it’s these wonderful plants, an akoko here, a rare naio there, that offer beacons of hope for a great future.<br />
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Honolulu Cave Adventure: Punynari Explores Moiliili (Honolulu, Hawaii) Karst </h2>
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<a href="http://ewa-hawaii-karst.blogspot.com/2013/06/Honolulu-Cave-Adventure.html">http://ewa-hawaii-karst.blogspot.com/2013/06/Honolulu-Cave-Adventure.html</a></div>
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Fantastic Must See Oahu Karst Cave Videos And Photos </h2>
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<a href="http://ewa-hawaii-karst.blogspot.com/2013/06/fantastic-must-see-oahu-karst-cave.html">http://ewa-hawaii-karst.blogspot.com/2013/06/fantastic-must-see-oahu-karst-cave.html</a></div>
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Bio Diversity: The Moiliili Karst Formation</h2>
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<a href="http://ewa-hawaii-karst.blogspot.com/2013/06/Oahu-Karst-Caving.html">http://ewa-hawaii-karst.blogspot.com/2013/06/Oahu-Karst-Caving.html</a></div>
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Mōʻiliʻili Karst Water Cave</h2>
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<a href="http://ewa-hawaii-karst.blogspot.com/2013/06/Massive-Honolulu-Cavein.html">http://ewa-hawaii-karst.blogspot.com/2013/06/Massive-Honolulu-Cavein.html</a></div>
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Hiking Hawaii: Moiliili (Honolulu, Hawaii) Karst Cave</h2>
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<a href="http://ewa-hawaii-karst.blogspot.com/2013/06/Spooky-Oahu-Karst-Cave.html">http://ewa-hawaii-karst.blogspot.com/2013/06/Spooky-Oahu-Karst-Cave.html</a></div>
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Video and Links: Mo'ili'ili Underground Caverns Video </h2>
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<a href="http://ewa-hawaii-karst.blogspot.com/2013/06/Oahu-Underground-Cave-Video.html">http://ewa-hawaii-karst.blogspot.com/2013/06/Oahu-Underground-Cave-Video.html</a></div>
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Karst Cave Hiking Adventure: Moili'ili Karst Exploration </h2>
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<a href="http://ewa-hawaii-karst.blogspot.com/2013/06/Oahu-Karst-Cave-Adventure.html">http://ewa-hawaii-karst.blogspot.com/2013/06/Oahu-Karst-Cave-Adventure.html</a></div>
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Kanehilihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00772491490665346198noreply@blogger.comEwa Beach, HI, 21.315556 -158.00722221.285972 -158.04756250000003 21.34514 -157.9668815tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-110342046378403110.post-20857484946458594632014-12-24T00:49:00.000-08:002015-08-01T18:25:02.671-07:00US Fish & Wildlife Demonstrates How Ewa Plain Karst Can Be Restored<div style="text-align: center;">
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US Fish Wildlife Demonstrates How Ewa Plain Karst Can Be Restored</h2>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhjlwnx4T5j8A2JY6cBCNRjeRV3kttn4x3K33Co0FFPOs4D9M-NnV3yJirVoKrrt_OI6Y-okXk_Scp6QNVK-j7jkOCmqyHZvHR1YT7CX8E_uNVIogxySEptIeklLjIQWbxoF0ogQFbpmrQ/s1600/sink_5.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhjlwnx4T5j8A2JY6cBCNRjeRV3kttn4x3K33Co0FFPOs4D9M-NnV3yJirVoKrrt_OI6Y-okXk_Scp6QNVK-j7jkOCmqyHZvHR1YT7CX8E_uNVIogxySEptIeklLjIQWbxoF0ogQFbpmrQ/s1600/sink_5.jpg" width="212" /></a></div>
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<b>U.S. Fish Wildlife Preserve Manager Explains Karst Sinkhole Restoration To</b></div>
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<b>Kanehili Cultural Hui Members Mike Lee And John Bond </b></div>
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<b> Rare Fossil Discovery On Oahu's Ewa Plain </b><br />
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<b><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Pdq1BQmYbh0">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Pdq1BQmYbh0</a></b><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVk0o1A8rvsuZjdOohjzum_eluo517CFnIHr79u9hEgn0FwLN6fml2Sf2yOf3u_Y80upAPKmo7IBZbDDu61TCQZv3I6tix2Qa-kZvrZGPUspDe5gYCz26vn-XFKolJesmw8-hw83akQMk/s1600/FWS-Kalaeloa1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="215" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVk0o1A8rvsuZjdOohjzum_eluo517CFnIHr79u9hEgn0FwLN6fml2Sf2yOf3u_Y80upAPKmo7IBZbDDu61TCQZv3I6tix2Qa-kZvrZGPUspDe5gYCz26vn-XFKolJesmw8-hw83akQMk/s1600/FWS-Kalaeloa1.jpg" width="320" /></a><br />
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<h3 class="post-title entry-title" itemprop="name" style="text-align: center;">
Coastal restoration and water quality monitoring at Kalaeloa</h3>
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On the second day of the session, we traveled to Kalaeloa, which is very close to Kapolei High School. There, we met with Lorena Wada (Aunty Tap) of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. She is a wildlife biologist who does a lot of different type of work to save rare and endangered species.</div>
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This area is a wildlife refuge and from first glance, is not much to look at, but upon closer inspection, you can see why this is a special area. Once covered with tall, invasive trees, this area now is being restored with native Hawaiian coastal plants. And the anchialine ponds are now visible, which gives us a glimpse into the mysterious world underground.</div>
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<a href="http://hawaiigreencollarinstitute.blogspot.com/2011/12/coastal-restoration-and-water-quality.html">http://hawaiigreencollarinstitute.blogspot.com/2011/12/coastal-restoration-and-water-quality.html</a></div>
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Lorena Wada (Aunty Tap) of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service</div>
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Honolulu Cave Adventure: Punynari Explores Moiliili (Honolulu, Hawaii) Karst </h2>
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<a href="http://ewa-hawaii-karst.blogspot.com/2013/06/Honolulu-Cave-Adventure.html">http://ewa-hawaii-karst.blogspot.com/2013/06/Honolulu-Cave-Adventure.html</a></div>
<h2 style="text-align: center;">
Fantastic Must See Oahu Karst Cave Videos And Photos </h2>
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<a href="http://ewa-hawaii-karst.blogspot.com/2013/06/fantastic-must-see-oahu-karst-cave.html">http://ewa-hawaii-karst.blogspot.com/2013/06/fantastic-must-see-oahu-karst-cave.html</a></div>
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Bio Diversity: The Moiliili Karst Formation</h2>
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<a href="http://ewa-hawaii-karst.blogspot.com/2013/06/Oahu-Karst-Caving.html">http://ewa-hawaii-karst.blogspot.com/2013/06/Oahu-Karst-Caving.html</a></div>
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Mōʻiliʻili Karst Water Cave</h2>
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<a href="http://ewa-hawaii-karst.blogspot.com/2013/06/Massive-Honolulu-Cavein.html">http://ewa-hawaii-karst.blogspot.com/2013/06/Massive-Honolulu-Cavein.html</a></div>
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Hiking Hawaii: Moiliili (Honolulu, Hawaii) Karst Cave</h2>
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<a href="http://ewa-hawaii-karst.blogspot.com/2013/06/Spooky-Oahu-Karst-Cave.html">http://ewa-hawaii-karst.blogspot.com/2013/06/Spooky-Oahu-Karst-Cave.html</a></div>
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Video and Links: Mo'ili'ili Underground Caverns Video </h2>
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<a href="http://ewa-hawaii-karst.blogspot.com/2013/06/Oahu-Underground-Cave-Video.html">http://ewa-hawaii-karst.blogspot.com/2013/06/Oahu-Underground-Cave-Video.html</a></div>
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Karst Cave Hiking Adventure: Moili'ili Karst Exploration </h2>
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<a href="http://ewa-hawaii-karst.blogspot.com/2013/06/Oahu-Karst-Cave-Adventure.html">http://ewa-hawaii-karst.blogspot.com/2013/06/Oahu-Karst-Cave-Adventure.html</a></div>
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<br />Kanehilihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00772491490665346198noreply@blogger.comBarbers Point 21.324444 -158.08305621.309652 -158.103226 21.339236 -158.062886tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-110342046378403110.post-69377909035379269062014-12-23T17:54:00.001-08:002021-10-03T16:06:07.337-07:00Ewa Haseko Corp Digs Big Giant Hole In The Ewa Karst And Then Fills It Back Up!<h2 style="text-align: center;">
Ewa Haseko Corp Digs Big Giant Hole In The Ewa Karst And Then Fills It Back Up!</h2>
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No, we aren't talking about the Marina-Lagoon-Large Mossy Swimming Hole, this is a completely separate giant hole large enough to hold a WW-II battleship. </div>
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At left the Hoakalei Foundation Preserve and center is the past Marina now Lagoon.</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div>
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Above and top left of the Ewa Haseko Project Area as seen in their Phase II EIS is a very large excavation where massive amounts of karst (ancient coral) was removed and used to fill areas in the Phase I Project Area, as seen to the right of the Phase II Project Area.</div>
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Here it is, a giant hole. Then Haseko pump's in water from the Marina-Lagoon!</div><div style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjpv2djnJ2SnWEyq1ioJg42BiD-mnEc6NyionvlqDqqU_4a1cbkeL19bBmS1iYF_DCNN8etNPetE9ynH9HM9Jsd1FY3zLytKKWCRXx7kC532e-S0vmTAhdkoi_qlyhF8fU7IctBkuMFJfc/s1600/Mystery-1.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="158" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjpv2djnJ2SnWEyq1ioJg42BiD-mnEc6NyionvlqDqqU_4a1cbkeL19bBmS1iYF_DCNN8etNPetE9ynH9HM9Jsd1FY3zLytKKWCRXx7kC532e-S0vmTAhdkoi_qlyhF8fU7IctBkuMFJfc/s1600/Mystery-1.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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Then they fill the big hole back up with dirt brought in from other locations!</div>
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Asked about the big giant hole at an Ewa Neighborhood Board meeting Haseko</div>
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denies that any such hole ever existed!<br />
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Honolulu Cave Adventure: Punynari Explores Moiliili (Honolulu, Hawaii) Karst </h2>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://ewa-hawaii-karst.blogspot.com/2013/06/Honolulu-Cave-Adventure.html">http://ewa-hawaii-karst.blogspot.com/2013/06/Honolulu-Cave-Adventure.html</a></div>
<h2 style="text-align: center;">
Fantastic Must See Oahu Karst Cave Videos And Photos </h2>
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<a href="http://ewa-hawaii-karst.blogspot.com/2013/06/fantastic-must-see-oahu-karst-cave.html">http://ewa-hawaii-karst.blogspot.com/2013/06/fantastic-must-see-oahu-karst-cave.html</a></div>
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Bio Diversity: The Moiliili Karst Formation</h2>
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<a href="http://ewa-hawaii-karst.blogspot.com/2013/06/Oahu-Karst-Caving.html">http://ewa-hawaii-karst.blogspot.com/2013/06/Oahu-Karst-Caving.html</a></div>
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Mōʻiliʻili Karst Water Cave</h2>
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<a href="http://ewa-hawaii-karst.blogspot.com/2013/06/Massive-Honolulu-Cavein.html">http://ewa-hawaii-karst.blogspot.com/2013/06/Massive-Honolulu-Cavein.html</a></div>
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<h2 style="text-align: center;">
Hiking Hawaii: Moiliili (Honolulu, Hawaii) Karst Cave</h2>
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<a href="http://ewa-hawaii-karst.blogspot.com/2013/06/Spooky-Oahu-Karst-Cave.html">http://ewa-hawaii-karst.blogspot.com/2013/06/Spooky-Oahu-Karst-Cave.html</a></div>
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<h2 style="text-align: center;">
Video and Links: Mo'ili'ili Underground Caverns Video </h2>
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<a href="http://ewa-hawaii-karst.blogspot.com/2013/06/Oahu-Underground-Cave-Video.html">http://ewa-hawaii-karst.blogspot.com/2013/06/Oahu-Underground-Cave-Video.html</a></div>
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Karst Cave Hiking Adventure: Moili'ili Karst Exploration </h2>
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<a href="http://ewa-hawaii-karst.blogspot.com/2013/06/Oahu-Karst-Cave-Adventure.html">http://ewa-hawaii-karst.blogspot.com/2013/06/Oahu-Karst-Cave-Adventure.html</a></div>
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<br />Kanehilihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00772491490665346198noreply@blogger.comEwa Beach, HI,21.315556 -158.00722221.285972 -158.04756250000003 21.34514 -157.9668815tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-110342046378403110.post-73318548247791351122014-12-22T00:46:00.005-08:002021-10-03T16:39:55.580-07:00Evidence Of Large Karst Sinkholes In Ewa Gentry Community Properties<h2 style="text-align: center;">
Evidence Of Large Karst Sinkholes In Ewa Gentry Community Properties - Updated to 2021</h2><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Ewa Cultural History Historian John M. Bond</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div>
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A fascinating look at some of the major sinkholes in the Ewa area.</span></div>
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The entire Ewa Plain is approximately 25 square miles of sinkholes and caves,</span></div>
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some very big and some very small. </span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial;">The Ewa Gentry area was built </span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial;">over numerous huge </span><span style="font-family: arial;">karst sinkhole caves as early cultural oral history </span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial;">will tell you, </span><span style="font-family: arial;">and also visible on </span><span style="font-family: arial;">old USGS maps. One of the really big ones still </span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial;">exists and has never been filled in.</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6BNFFRSC4YiEUtbe9-7MOCSEIHsn2y6XMWy8G1PK1GW8n9TgVn0x4AOAYEthqpm-8wgKSt_bMVBzvt3_l8k1t3ef2VGQ5qKoiZVjbd5UKFF9RcArhIBpsZp2EKmegnEDqctWXBWElYHU/s1600/Other+Gentry+Sinkhole1.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="179" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6BNFFRSC4YiEUtbe9-7MOCSEIHsn2y6XMWy8G1PK1GW8n9TgVn0x4AOAYEthqpm-8wgKSt_bMVBzvt3_l8k1t3ef2VGQ5qKoiZVjbd5UKFF9RcArhIBpsZp2EKmegnEDqctWXBWElYHU/s1600/Other+Gentry+Sinkhole1.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><div style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: center;">Holomua Elementary School which is directly north of this big</div><div style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: center;">sinkhole is known for being haunted with mysterious sounds and</div><div style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: center;">noises. This is likely due to the large underground karst cave</div><div style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: center;">channels that carry rainwater from the mountains and dumps into</div><div style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: center;">the shoreline. </div><div style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: center;">This area has one of the largest subsurface waterways</div><div style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: center;">that emptied into the Puuloa reef area. Puuloa was known for</div><div style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: center;">large caves, including royal burial caves, and the massive rain</div><div style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: center;">water discharge feed the copious amounts of limu that once</div><div style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: center;">existed there. </div><div style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: center;">Limu feeds the ecosystem of the fisheries however</div><div style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: center;">much of this has since been destroyed by developments.</div><div style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #222222; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Image Below: Holom</span><span>ua Elementar</span><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">y School seen mauka (north) of this </span></span></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #222222; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial;">huge Ewa Plain sinkhole cave site.</span></div></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgis5octmA0mB7sJ71904uyWYRRb1nZcM44h-6CwJHhhtpEp_R5WZghwXlrf63gOwv2OB6uJ9tjYWkxvYAUs6SxUQdGwcOu-F4lCJTCqRQyJkTlEe4QnlHsIo5M_ZMZhuXUkNSYvYnWiH0/s1600/Other+Gentry+Sinkhole3.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgis5octmA0mB7sJ71904uyWYRRb1nZcM44h-6CwJHhhtpEp_R5WZghwXlrf63gOwv2OB6uJ9tjYWkxvYAUs6SxUQdGwcOu-F4lCJTCqRQyJkTlEe4QnlHsIo5M_ZMZhuXUkNSYvYnWiH0/s1600/Other+Gentry+Sinkhole3.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div>
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It has been used as a flood drainage basin- with the water traveling out through </span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial;">the porous karst to the Ewa Puuloa shoreline near the entrance to Pearl Harbor.</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgAdH3XQYQS2WE08iMOXeuS3HR8sgq1GpswuK-m2UTAbBF_1bTJk3IH2LiSxxD6QVxm09RYYheI7u3dEvOAOOhJpilOvzki5qXTlEJi-czl5wBSnYywxculkr_GAXTMBvQWe-dRUPFQT3g/s1600/Other+Gentry+Sinkhole4.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgAdH3XQYQS2WE08iMOXeuS3HR8sgq1GpswuK-m2UTAbBF_1bTJk3IH2LiSxxD6QVxm09RYYheI7u3dEvOAOOhJpilOvzki5qXTlEJi-czl5wBSnYywxculkr_GAXTMBvQWe-dRUPFQT3g/s1600/Other+Gentry+Sinkhole4.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Huge water problem soaks Ewa community - Honolulu Star Advertiser October 2021</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><div style="background-color: white; color: #222222; text-align: start;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #222222; text-align: start;"><a data-saferedirecturl="https://www.google.com/url?q=https://www.staradvertiser.com/2021/10/03/hawaii-news/huge-water-problem-soaks-ewa-community/?HSA%3De4e0133401982cc0172ed644d4437b2a51385c07&source=gmail&ust=1633386904480000&usg=AFQjCNFMqgpw0UTkSg6wIMMYOAeXRwP6WQ" href="https://www.staradvertiser.com/2021/10/03/hawaii-news/huge-water-problem-soaks-ewa-community/?HSA=e4e0133401982cc0172ed644d4437b2a51385c07" style="color: #1155cc;" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: arial;">https://www.staradvertiser.<wbr></wbr>com/2021/10/03/hawaii-news/<wbr></wbr>huge-water-problem-soaks-ewa-<wbr></wbr>community/?HSA=<wbr></wbr>e4e0133401982cc0172ed644d4437b<wbr></wbr>2a51385c07</span></a></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #222222; text-align: start;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div style="background-color: white; text-align: start;"><div style="color: #222222; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Location on Google maps</span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #222222;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></span></div><div style="color: #1155cc; text-align: center;"><a data-saferedirecturl="https://www.google.com/url?q=https://goo.gl/maps/yCKgpF1ktA13aHcE9&source=gmail&ust=1633386904480000&usg=AFQjCNHHguZRiVkrUWYBlO-PwXG4cs7Rjw" href="https://goo.gl/maps/yCKgpF1ktA13aHcE9" style="color: #1155cc;" target="_blank"></a><a data-saferedirecturl="https://www.google.com/url?q=https://goo.gl/maps/yCKgpF1ktA13aHcE9&source=gmail&ust=1633386904480000&usg=AFQjCNHHguZRiVkrUWYBlO-PwXG4cs7Rjw" href="https://goo.gl/maps/yCKgpF1ktA13aHcE9" style="color: #1155cc;" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: arial;">https://goo.gl/maps/<wbr></wbr>yCKgpF1ktA13aHcE9</span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><div style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: center;">This particular development in the Honolulu Star Advertiser story of October 2021</div><div style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: center;"> is directly south of a huge Karst sinkhole cave site as was documented in</div><div style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: center;">this Kanehili Ewa Karst blog in 2014 and now updated.</div><div style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial;">One of the largest still existing huge deep sinkhole caves is directly </span><span style="font-family: arial;">adjacent </span></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial;">(north) to this Gentry development project. I was told many </span><span style="font-family: arial;">years ago that </span></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial;">this </span><span style="font-family: arial;">was left undeveloped because it drains water </span><span style="font-family: arial;">from the nearby developments. </span></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial;">However many others like it were </span><span style="font-family: arial;">filled in and over time rains cause the coral fill to </span></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial;">subside and </span><span style="font-family: arial;">wash away exposing pipes underground to corrosion and breaking </span></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial;">under stress which causes water leaks and eventually breaks. </span></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div style="background-color: white; text-align: center;"><div><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-weight: normal;">This happens all over Oahu's south shore because it is all ancient<br /></span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="color: #222222;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">coral reef and the subsurface water erosion is continuous <br /></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="color: #222222;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">causing water and </span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="color: #222222;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">sewer pipes to </span></span></span></span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">corrode and break, </span></span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">usually</span></span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"> flooding streets.</span></span></div></div></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiL7xEDhpmqQA41_JnUmPBP63522QsYBr-ZtBFwHJX3gt3Y37HsHIaYYWPIOGuH4YIiDQ1dS_9YefORkaTX3BT_6RZEdqpE9OLLkYGjafrHz7j4MXb5m_Vp-m8lqydro4y8cp9bzZIgVrs/s1600/Other+Gentry+Sinkhole5.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="220" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiL7xEDhpmqQA41_JnUmPBP63522QsYBr-ZtBFwHJX3gt3Y37HsHIaYYWPIOGuH4YIiDQ1dS_9YefORkaTX3BT_6RZEdqpE9OLLkYGjafrHz7j4MXb5m_Vp-m8lqydro4y8cp9bzZIgVrs/s1600/Other+Gentry+Sinkhole5.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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The karst in this area is especially dense with lots of evidence of ancient sea creatures</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjpci5rymDT8a64yhsDXGNoPDCWVFi1Gv6JukotML9Ga6j7iCjByih6TnCD73Q2AhDAJBCamV9soCGAplyhN1Gcfg4qnis9NE3F-vkb_w3HXOy5YKWJaxodpYwJ-OYt_sJ2Xq-OZNIVcA8/s1600/Park-Sinkhole1b.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="181" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjpci5rymDT8a64yhsDXGNoPDCWVFi1Gv6JukotML9Ga6j7iCjByih6TnCD73Q2AhDAJBCamV9soCGAplyhN1Gcfg4qnis9NE3F-vkb_w3HXOy5YKWJaxodpYwJ-OYt_sJ2Xq-OZNIVcA8/s1600/Park-Sinkhole1b.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div>
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This site along Kapolei Parkway was later filled up and turned into Geiger </span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial;">park as they probably didn't want to put homes over it.</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEivK5f5e729IhjixsPPU_9tQEhzWLBSD7KpZs8pNUbbWEEs3o4lKYwcHxeyl7fZvBMOUZJtL1vCkaDbXwhSbts2GB6ItNWGHJ7YXi1Apz9HZKUGnNcPvuE-QWNv4sSKvlyxp7n6zRZXxBk/s1600/Park-Sinkhole2b.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="161" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEivK5f5e729IhjixsPPU_9tQEhzWLBSD7KpZs8pNUbbWEEs3o4lKYwcHxeyl7fZvBMOUZJtL1vCkaDbXwhSbts2GB6ItNWGHJ7YXi1Apz9HZKUGnNcPvuE-QWNv4sSKvlyxp7n6zRZXxBk/s1600/Park-Sinkhole2b.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhS7pVml9MBAHTnExS8C0K3iHEyCGiszUdx43bWh73oNQMCEFYyC8qkvjSuNLAMLPeU7tB7Bd7vZOT2poIro_pyLcYjsSC74hzJv73CwJ5idFag8iuD0QQu3chBxCm221jZHfmPhdgzvrI/s1600/Untitled-6b.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="162" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhS7pVml9MBAHTnExS8C0K3iHEyCGiszUdx43bWh73oNQMCEFYyC8qkvjSuNLAMLPeU7tB7Bd7vZOT2poIro_pyLcYjsSC74hzJv73CwJ5idFag8iuD0QQu3chBxCm221jZHfmPhdgzvrI/s1600/Untitled-6b.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div>
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This site exhibits classic groundwater near the surface as it is near the </span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Kalo'i waterway that empties by Hau Bush Ewa shoreline park.</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiG_eacI6yzXNJ36jhmk35n5L6yVXZR5icXYJQoRRhfq97p9qR2GX7CpG83azLlo0buvvZVbTAQxxqJcJ61ml-T13gP4_G5L9fz8CnlTniZ5RCv48evJvy86YW1IKnDMP_O6z0Rf_TeNv4/s1600/Untitled-7b.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="183" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiG_eacI6yzXNJ36jhmk35n5L6yVXZR5icXYJQoRRhfq97p9qR2GX7CpG83azLlo0buvvZVbTAQxxqJcJ61ml-T13gP4_G5L9fz8CnlTniZ5RCv48evJvy86YW1IKnDMP_O6z0Rf_TeNv4/s1600/Untitled-7b.jpg" width="320" /> </a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><h2 style="background-color: #c0a154; font-family: Georgia, Utopia, "Palatino Linotype", Palatino, serif; font-size: 20px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.5em; position: relative;">Ewa Haseko Corp Digs Big Giant Hole In The Ewa Karst </h2><h2 style="background-color: #c0a154; font-family: Georgia, Utopia, "Palatino Linotype", Palatino, serif; font-size: 20px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.5em; position: relative;">And Then Fills It Back Up!</h2></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div>
<div style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://ewa-hawaii-karst.blogspot.com/2014/12/ewa-haseko-corp-digs-big-giant-hole-in.html">https://ewa-hawaii-karst.blogspot.com/2014/12/ewa-haseko-corp-digs-big-giant-hole-in.html</a></div><h2 class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">Barbers Point - Kalaeloa - Ewa Beach, The Major Karst Sinkhole Ponds And Reef Blue Holes</h2><h2 class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal;"><a href="https://ewa-hawaii-karst.blogspot.com/2015/08/barbers-point-kalaeloa-sinkholes.html">https://ewa-hawaii-karst.blogspot.com/2015/08/barbers-point-kalaeloa-sinkholes.html</a></span></h2>
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Fantastic Must See Oahu Karst Cave Videos And Photos </h2>
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<a href="http://ewa-hawaii-karst.blogspot.com/2013/06/fantastic-must-see-oahu-karst-cave.html">http://ewa-hawaii-karst.blogspot.com/2013/06/fantastic-must-see-oahu-karst-cave.html</a></div>
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Bio Diversity: The Moiliili Karst Formation</h2>
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<a href="http://ewa-hawaii-karst.blogspot.com/2013/06/Oahu-Karst-Caving.html">http://ewa-hawaii-karst.blogspot.com/2013/06/Oahu-Karst-Caving.html</a></div>
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Mōʻiliʻili Karst Water Cave</h2>
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<a href="http://ewa-hawaii-karst.blogspot.com/2013/06/Massive-Honolulu-Cavein.html">http://ewa-hawaii-karst.blogspot.com/2013/06/Massive-Honolulu-Cavein.html</a></div>
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Hiking Hawaii: Moiliili (Honolulu, Hawaii) Karst Cave</h2>
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<a href="http://ewa-hawaii-karst.blogspot.com/2013/06/Spooky-Oahu-Karst-Cave.html">http://ewa-hawaii-karst.blogspot.com/2013/06/Spooky-Oahu-Karst-Cave.html</a></div>
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Video and Links: Mo'ili'ili Underground Caverns Video </h2>
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Karst Cave Hiking Adventure: Moili'ili Karst Exploration </h2>
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<a href="http://ewa-hawaii-karst.blogspot.com/2013/06/Oahu-Karst-Cave-Adventure.html">http://ewa-hawaii-karst.blogspot.com/2013/06/Oahu-Karst-Cave-Adventure.html</a></div>
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Kanehilihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00772491490665346198noreply@blogger.comEwa Beach, HI, USA21.315556 -158.00722221.285972 -158.04756250000003 21.34514 -157.9668815tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-110342046378403110.post-15787157372345745592014-12-22T00:26:00.000-08:002015-08-01T18:26:55.774-07:00City Council Ewa Plains Karst Resolution Induced Complete Fear And Paranoia<br />
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Honolulu City Council Ewa Plains Karst Resolution Induced Complete Fear And Paranoia</span></h2>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;"><b>John Bond Kanehili Cultural Hui</b></span></span><br />
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj_UnWH1jU2viGtK5bm4zJerzwRTRnB4G7bfltfG2do11emMDTh_CtWCFnYeg2kAaqjBrD1bu1pqE1BG3S5f0XxRb4r5UujVaWGtiCU7jQ5cR9V6VC6_iQ1VuvQpqxlQsUUL58nTv5tw2M/s1600/Oahu+Mullet+Caves.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="font-family: Arial; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-indent: 48px;"><img border="0" height="202" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj_UnWH1jU2viGtK5bm4zJerzwRTRnB4G7bfltfG2do11emMDTh_CtWCFnYeg2kAaqjBrD1bu1pqE1BG3S5f0XxRb4r5UujVaWGtiCU7jQ5cR9V6VC6_iQ1VuvQpqxlQsUUL58nTv5tw2M/s1600/Oahu+Mullet+Caves.jpg" width="320" /></a></span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">In November 2012 this resolution below created complete fear and paranoia in the Honolulu City Council, which would not even ALLOW a vote on it! It struck very great fear in the hearts of the major Ewa Plain land developers who did NOT want the issue of karst and what it was to be mentioned or considered even in a resolution which is basically an acknowledgement and not a BILL.</span></span><br />
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgbSomd096rPdxocQmiBPL1TI9atJKS7FfH7w786jkKHOiRQL3BRpOadpCHAY2c4zZPQ3CZyQXo90gbsFkygjygT36YtIdXu1eR7sIYJAHDFW1y43barbesV5dl6IQeG4p64kYCzZdQv9c/s1600/karst_2_sm.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="font-family: Arial; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-indent: 48px;"><img border="0" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgbSomd096rPdxocQmiBPL1TI9atJKS7FfH7w786jkKHOiRQL3BRpOadpCHAY2c4zZPQ3CZyQXo90gbsFkygjygT36YtIdXu1eR7sIYJAHDFW1y43barbesV5dl6IQeG4p64kYCzZdQv9c/s1600/karst_2_sm.jpg" width="320" /></a></span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">Lots of phone calls with land developers and well drillers turning out to WARN the City Council to NOT EVEN CONSIDER this resolution below. This included having the City's Corporate Council ALSO warn the City Council Members to stay completely AWAY from this resolution!</span></span><br />
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhM10GWAplPEmiORBMSvO7xhOEkQatkNP6pmBpEAhM8AsDeCBs9ZUxxH3owKv373w84vip9mqH6V6hyphenhyphenmICXJhJtG1td4Un1PhzhJVLFgIpsdhMYqymSk99qDXkgtrGXOxPMtWaQolhyphenhyphen9fM/s1600/BarbersPt_1928.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="font-family: Arial; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-indent: 48px;"><img border="0" height="133" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhM10GWAplPEmiORBMSvO7xhOEkQatkNP6pmBpEAhM8AsDeCBs9ZUxxH3owKv373w84vip9mqH6V6hyphenhyphenmICXJhJtG1td4Un1PhzhJVLFgIpsdhMYqymSk99qDXkgtrGXOxPMtWaQolhyphenhyphen9fM/s1600/BarbersPt_1928.jpg" width="320" /></a></span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">Read it and find out why the study and acknowledgement of the Ewa Plain karst system is extremely dangerous concept that must NOT be scientifically studied...</span></span><br />
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg6Qqiyt-c-1mHNHMcnDmp1E6KXdi7egiuNJLBZW619RuTS27AozxFhj9KL8b1sgpPf5CLq4nELNdur5nG9h5nWFOhZuDQv9eqU8B4tdPLmggcjjaVHWPSFFcmTqZJWMMaWmC9oB90Wqp4/s1600/Ewa+Karst+Blue+Holes.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="font-family: Arial; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-indent: 48px;"><img border="0" height="204" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg6Qqiyt-c-1mHNHMcnDmp1E6KXdi7egiuNJLBZW619RuTS27AozxFhj9KL8b1sgpPf5CLq4nELNdur5nG9h5nWFOhZuDQv9eqU8B4tdPLmggcjjaVHWPSFFcmTqZJWMMaWmC9oB90Wqp4/s1600/Ewa+Karst+Blue+Holes.jpg" width="320" /></a></span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><b>RECOGNIZING THE CULTURAL,
HISTORIC AND SCIENTIFIC VALUE OF THE KARST WATER AQUIFER ECO-SYSTEM OF THE EWA
PLAINS, WEST OAHU</b></span></span></div>
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<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">WHEREAS, the Ewa
Plains are part of the greater ahupua'a of Honouliuli and consist of
approximately </span>50 square miles located on the southwest corner of the
island of Oahu<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">; and</span></span></div>
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<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">WHEREAS, the Ewa
Plains consist of a topography known as "karst," characterized by </span>a
porous, permeable coralline reef deposit formed at least 100,000 years ago during
at least three high stands of sea level<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">,
and then tapering back as it encounters the ancient lava flows of the Waianae
Mountains; and</span></span></div>
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<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">WHEREAS,</span>
the international community uses the European name "karst" to refer
to topography that is a geological formation of carbonate limestone rock, and <span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">approximately 20 percent of the United
States is underlain by various types of karst aquifers; and</span></span></div>
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<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">WHEREAS,</span> scientists
have determined that the Ewa Plains karst <span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">water system i</span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">s part of what is known as the Ghyben-Herzberg
water lens; and</span></span></div>
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<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">WHEREAS, a
hydrological study commissioned by the Honolulu Department of Environmental
Services determined that the Ewa Plains karst water system is very permeable
and transmissive; and</span></span></div>
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<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">WHEREAS, Ewa
Plains subterranean caverns have been found to be as large as railway cars, containing
stalactites and stalagmites, made of a beautiful milky-white sparkling mineral
called calcite, which is highly prized by mineral collectors; and</span></span></div>
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<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">WHEREAS,</span> <span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">the Ewa Plains karst is a </span>hydrologically
connected waterway and natural aquifer filtering system that transfers
nutrients and organic carbon to downstream food webs; however,<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> </span>uncontrolled points of pollution can
contaminate and overwhelm the natural filters, causing polluted waters to flow
into the sea and damage aquatic shoreline populations and related coastal
fisheries<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">; and</span></span></div>
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<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">WHEREAS, through
the centuries, the Hawaiians used the </span>Ewa Plains <span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">karst water-fed sinkholes for cultural purposes such as micro
agricultural sites for bananas, gourds and ti leaves, and in otherwise arid
areas, the underground waterways supported large groves of native Hawaiian
trees and culturally important native plants; and</span></span></div>
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<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">WHEREAS,</span> complex
Ewa Plains karst aquifers, channels, caves and cavern systems allow underground
water streams to emerge and disappear as the water travels towards the sea,
creating in some areas habitats for native Hawaiian shrimp<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">; and</span></span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>WHEREAS,
Ewa Plains karst caves may also create hazardous conditions because they may exist
just a few feet below the ground surface, and may open up as potentially large
and dangerous sinkholes if disturbed or weakened, but these hazardous
conditions may be located and appropriately mitigated by using below ground
scanning technologies; and</span></span></div>
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<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">WHEREAS, because
karst is recognized and studied worldwide by universities, institutes and
organizations, it presents an opportunity in West Oahu for cultural and eco tourism,
scientific research grants, community educational endeavors, and the bringing
together of Hawaiian cultural practitioners, teachers and scientists to discuss
native Hawaiian flora, fauna, aquatic resources, and to study Hawaiian cultural
histories and scientific geological and hydrological facts; and</span></span></div>
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<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">WHEREAS, federal bureaus
such as the United States Fish & Wildlife Service have funded projects to
restore Ewa Plains karst sinkholes and have demonstrated that Hawaiian
freshwater shrimp can be restocked and can flourish in these unique karst
sinkhole habitats, providing working environments for education and training; now,
therefore,</span></span></div>
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<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">BE IT RESOLVED by
the Council of the City and County of Honolulu that it supports recognition of
the Ewa Plains karst as an important aquifer water system, and supports cultural
history studies and ecological and hydrological research related to the Ewa
Plains karst; and</span></span></div>
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<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">BE IT FURTHER RESOLVED that the City Administration, the State of Hawaii,
and the United States government are urged to recognize and further study the
cultural, historic and scientific opportunities of the Ewa Plains Karst system;
and</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" style="page-break-before: always;" />
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<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">BE IT FINALLY RESOLVED that copies of this Resolution be transmitted to
the Mayor, the Governor, the President of the United States, the Commander of
United States Pacific Command, the Hawaii Community Development Authority, the
Department of Hawaiian Home Lands and the Office of Hawaiian Affairs.</span></span><br />
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<h2 class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
Honolulu Cave Adventure: Punynari Explores Moiliili (Honolulu, Hawaii) Karst </h2>
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<a href="http://ewa-hawaii-karst.blogspot.com/2013/06/Honolulu-Cave-Adventure.html">http://ewa-hawaii-karst.blogspot.com/2013/06/Honolulu-Cave-Adventure.html</a></div>
<h2 style="text-align: center;">
Fantastic Must See Oahu Karst Cave Videos And Photos </h2>
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<a href="http://ewa-hawaii-karst.blogspot.com/2013/06/fantastic-must-see-oahu-karst-cave.html">http://ewa-hawaii-karst.blogspot.com/2013/06/fantastic-must-see-oahu-karst-cave.html</a></div>
<h2 style="text-align: center;">
Bio Diversity: The Moiliili Karst Formation</h2>
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<a href="http://ewa-hawaii-karst.blogspot.com/2013/06/Oahu-Karst-Caving.html">http://ewa-hawaii-karst.blogspot.com/2013/06/Oahu-Karst-Caving.html</a></div>
<h2 style="text-align: center;">
Mōʻiliʻili Karst Water Cave</h2>
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<a href="http://ewa-hawaii-karst.blogspot.com/2013/06/Massive-Honolulu-Cavein.html">http://ewa-hawaii-karst.blogspot.com/2013/06/Massive-Honolulu-Cavein.html</a></div>
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Hiking Hawaii: Moiliili (Honolulu, Hawaii) Karst Cave</h2>
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<a href="http://ewa-hawaii-karst.blogspot.com/2013/06/Spooky-Oahu-Karst-Cave.html">http://ewa-hawaii-karst.blogspot.com/2013/06/Spooky-Oahu-Karst-Cave.html</a></div>
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Video and Links: Mo'ili'ili Underground Caverns Video </h2>
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<a href="http://ewa-hawaii-karst.blogspot.com/2013/06/Oahu-Underground-Cave-Video.html">http://ewa-hawaii-karst.blogspot.com/2013/06/Oahu-Underground-Cave-Video.html</a></div>
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Karst Cave Hiking Adventure: Moili'ili Karst Exploration </h2>
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<a href="http://ewa-hawaii-karst.blogspot.com/2013/06/Oahu-Karst-Cave-Adventure.html">http://ewa-hawaii-karst.blogspot.com/2013/06/Oahu-Karst-Cave-Adventure.html</a></div>
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Kanehilihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00772491490665346198noreply@blogger.comEwa Beach, HI, USA21.315556 -158.00722221.285972 -158.04756250000003 21.34514 -157.9668815tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-110342046378403110.post-66670542029150511292013-06-19T23:58:00.000-07:002015-08-01T18:02:48.271-07:00Karst Cave Hiking Adventure: Moili'ili Karst Exploration <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEicXzx4AMK47S4NdnVO0Ry-La1FHPLHptXchbMIAYZeAUJNKKmCTylWCZq7S5yWED-feUrV4Yn5NfVhMcbkswrMYUb4EWocywYzehZkRz47TCqJR5aKcxJ1f7ldvp4l8spCmUUXcrOOtGA/s1600/7178444225_0509200c78_b.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="205" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEicXzx4AMK47S4NdnVO0Ry-La1FHPLHptXchbMIAYZeAUJNKKmCTylWCZq7S5yWED-feUrV4Yn5NfVhMcbkswrMYUb4EWocywYzehZkRz47TCqJR5aKcxJ1f7ldvp4l8spCmUUXcrOOtGA/s320/7178444225_0509200c78_b.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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Karst Cave Hiking Adventure: Moili'ili Karst Exploration</h2>
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<a href="http://notsogreathikingblog.blogspot.com/2012/06/moiliili-karst-exploration.html">http://notsogreathikingblog.blogspot.com/2012/06/moiliili-karst-exploration.html</a></div>
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Rather than go into a long dissertation about how this limestone cave system was created here under the shadow of the Ko'olau Volcano, the short version is that a very long time ago the sea level on O'ahu was much higher and the area near the University of Hawaii was once covered by a coral reef. </div>
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As the sea levels dropped the reef was exposed to the air and died. Springs and runoff from the mountains above ate into the limestone layer left by the reef creating a network of caves. Most have either collapsed or been filled in over the years. </div>
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These systems are also found other places on the leeward coast. This fantastic link that explains everything about this system in far more detail than I could. </div>
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<a href="http://www.caves.org/pub/journal/PDF/V60/V60N3-Halliday.pdf"><span style="color: blue;">http://www.caves.org/pub/journal/PDF/V60/V60N3-Halliday.pdf</span></a></div>
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Before we go further, despite what the link says the water in the cave system is anything but clean just from visual observation. </div>
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Further, access to the system is tenuous at best and there is a danger of both flash flooding and the possibility of a cave in. </div>
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Neither scenario is a good one because there is only one way in and one way out of the cave. No directions and no names and, for the record, I was never there either.<br />
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I didn't see much in the way of plant or animal life, just a few roots hanging from the ceiling from trees above and some type of small fish. In fact I'd call it more of a guppy than a fish. Others reported seeing some type of shrimp. </div>
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Someone spotted a centipede- something no one was excited to hear about but it made for great conversation about how many more there might be down here, what mutant sizes they would reach, and how their appetite for human flesh would have developed. </div>
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While it wasn't much of a hike or trail, I'm glad to have had the opportunity to visit this unique and interesting place. Perhaps someday I'll return but I can assure you, it won't be alone and it won't be anytime soon!</div>
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<a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/xjcreations/sets/72157630045534695/">http://www.flickr.com/photos/xjcreations/sets/72157630045534695/</a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 13px;">Oahu Karst Cave Photo and Video Links: </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 13px;"></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 13px;">The Moiliili Karst Formation </span><a href="http://explorebiodiversity.com/Hawaii/hikes/Moiliili/cavemap.html"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 13px;">http://explorebiodiversity.com/Hawaii/hikes/Moiliili/cavemap.html</span></a><br />
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<a href="http://explorebiodiversity.com/Hawaii/hikes/Moiliili/caveorganisms.html"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 13px;">http://explorebiodiversity.com/Hawaii/hikes/Moiliili/caveorganisms.html</span></a><br />
<span style="font-size: 13px;"></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 13px;">Moili'ili Karst Cave Exploration </span><a href="http://www.alohafrom808.com/2012/06/moiliili-karst-cave-exploration-june-2012/"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 13px;">http://www.alohafrom808.com/2012/06/moiliili-karst-cave-exploration-june-2012/</span></a><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 13px;"> </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 13px;">Moili'ili Karst Exploration </span><a href="http://notsogreathikingblog.blogspot.com/2012/06/moiliili-karst-exploration.html"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 13px;">http://notsogreathikingblog.blogspot.com/2012/06/moiliili-karst-exploration.html</span></a><br />
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<a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=RrGTMYk5cXI"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 13px;">http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=RrGTMYk5cXI</span></a><br />
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<span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 13px;">Moiliili Karst </span><a href="http://easyhikerhawaii.blogspot.com/2012/07/moiliili-karst.html"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 13px;">http://easyhikerhawaii.blogspot.com/2012/07/moiliili-karst.html</span></a><br />
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<span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 13px;">Mōʻiliʻili Karst (Mōʻiliʻili Water Cave)</span><a href="http://totakeresponsibility.blogspot.com/2012/12/moiliili-karst-moiliili-water-cave.html"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 13px;">http://totakeresponsibility.blogspot.com/2012/12/moiliili-karst-moiliili-water-cave.html</span></a><span style="font-family: Verdana;"> </span><br />
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<br /><a href="http://punynari.wordpress.com/2012/07/15/moiliili-karst/"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 13px;"></span></a>
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Kanehilihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00772491490665346198noreply@blogger.comMcCully - Moiliili, Honolulu, HI, USA21.291972137841178 -157.8219223026826521.290122637841179 -157.82444380268265 21.293821637841177 -157.81940080268265tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-110342046378403110.post-18560536146979886392013-06-19T23:43:00.000-07:002015-08-01T18:00:41.044-07:00Video and Links: Mo'ili'ili Underground Caverns Video<h2 style="text-align: center;">
Video and Links: Mo'ili'ili Underground Caverns Video</h2>
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by <a class="yt-uix-sessionlink yt-user-name " data-sessionlink="ei=FqLCUaPoO8TAigKtloDYDQ&feature=watch" dir="ltr" href="http://www.youtube.com/user/shibbystylee?feature=watch">shibbystylee</a><span class="yt-user-separator"></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=RrGTMYk5cXI">http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=RrGTMYk5cXI</a><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg6ARE9yBIBWfEdwNPRkwOjDCYBgd3kJ3mSwt9oxeRJW3FwV7Ou5MGDrUMee5Q4r_dH7nXUiE6heTz6z5Oqgu6ZoRbsGtHiKOntAPXSY2bxnj1AuGaWO2LRawPnwn_nnpMmJadz00wS0Rs/s1600/7178454567_50d5b02d34_b.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg6ARE9yBIBWfEdwNPRkwOjDCYBgd3kJ3mSwt9oxeRJW3FwV7Ou5MGDrUMee5Q4r_dH7nXUiE6heTz6z5Oqgu6ZoRbsGtHiKOntAPXSY2bxnj1AuGaWO2LRawPnwn_nnpMmJadz00wS0Rs/s320/7178454567_50d5b02d34_b.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
</div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 13px;">Oahu Karst Cave Photo and Video Links: </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 13px;"></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 13px;">The Moiliili Karst Formation </span><a href="http://explorebiodiversity.com/Hawaii/hikes/Moiliili/cavemap.html"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 13px;">http://explorebiodiversity.com/Hawaii/hikes/Moiliili/cavemap.html</span></a><br />
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<a href="http://explorebiodiversity.com/Hawaii/hikes/Moiliili/caveorganisms.html"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 13px;">http://explorebiodiversity.com/Hawaii/hikes/Moiliili/caveorganisms.html</span></a><br />
<span style="font-size: 13px;"></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 13px;">Moili'ili Karst Cave Exploration </span><a href="http://www.alohafrom808.com/2012/06/moiliili-karst-cave-exploration-june-2012/"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 13px;">http://www.alohafrom808.com/2012/06/moiliili-karst-cave-exploration-june-2012/</span></a><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 13px;"> </span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 13px;">Moili'ili Karst Exploration </span><a href="http://notsogreathikingblog.blogspot.com/2012/06/moiliili-karst-exploration.html"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 13px;">http://notsogreathikingblog.blogspot.com/2012/06/moiliili-karst-exploration.html</span></a><br />
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<a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=RrGTMYk5cXI"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 13px;">http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=RrGTMYk5cXI</span></a><br />
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<span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 13px;">Moiliili Karst </span><a href="http://easyhikerhawaii.blogspot.com/2012/07/moiliili-karst.html"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 13px;">http://easyhikerhawaii.blogspot.com/2012/07/moiliili-karst.html</span></a><br />
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<span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 13px;">Mōʻiliʻili Karst (Mōʻiliʻili Water Cave)</span><a href="http://totakeresponsibility.blogspot.com/2012/12/moiliili-karst-moiliili-water-cave.html"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 13px;">http://totakeresponsibility.blogspot.com/2012/12/moiliili-karst-moiliili-water-cave.html</span></a><span style="font-family: Verdana;"> </span><br />
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<br /><a href="http://punynari.wordpress.com/2012/07/15/moiliili-karst/"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 13px;"></span></a>Kanehilihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00772491490665346198noreply@blogger.comMcCully - Moiliili, Honolulu, HI, USA21.291956143670934 -157.8218972682952921.291031643670934 -157.82315776829529 21.292880643670934 -157.82063676829529tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-110342046378403110.post-44969048227519758892013-06-19T23:32:00.000-07:002015-08-01T17:58:24.375-07:00Hiking Hawaii: Moiliili (Honolulu, Hawaii) Karst Cave<h2 style="text-align: center;">
Hiking Hawaii: Moiliili (Honolulu, Hawaii) Karst Cave</h2>
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<span style="color: #888888;"><b><span style="color: black;">by Easy Hiker</span></b> </span> </div>
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http://easyhikerhawaii.blogspot.com/2012/07/moiliili-karst.html</div>
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Around 4am that morning we were met at our house by two of our good friends who would be joining us. We grabbed our bags and headlamps and half asleep, set off on our drive to Manoa. </div>
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We were forced to low and at points crawl, but in just a few short minutes we had reached the cave system. </div>
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The water was very clear and the cave, in and of itself, was a very pleasing sight. As we began to make our way further into the cave, the water was about chest high. </div>
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The water that was incredibly clear was now becoming murky due to those in front of me stirring up the silt as they trudged along. At points I felt like we were walking in quick sand, but only a few parts were really bad. </div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj8Za94d_BRGsKvv13Thq7yT5rrhSiY-AwIVKierAOR3K-mGQYn6kvv6ZtBBcfCElo90r-eo3TDuFQX_7v1hVuiR7ZSU5nShuXC5YeexQ2WbflfFtJ0lrUmYqDmRZVq3zj9iTC8KC7jB7Q/s1600/DSC_0099.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="265" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj8Za94d_BRGsKvv13Thq7yT5rrhSiY-AwIVKierAOR3K-mGQYn6kvv6ZtBBcfCElo90r-eo3TDuFQX_7v1hVuiR7ZSU5nShuXC5YeexQ2WbflfFtJ0lrUmYqDmRZVq3zj9iTC8KC7jB7Q/s400/DSC_0099.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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Every time one of us grabbed the ceiling of the cave, a ton of rocks would fall. </div>
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At one point, shortly after we had entered the cave system, I propped myself up onto a rock. As everyone was talking, the rock I was standing on, suddenly gave way and I went tumbling. My first instinct was to save my DSLR camera (which I did). </div>
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A few moments later I realized that I had sliced my right leg open in numerous of spots and was bleeding extremely well.</div>
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I thought the cave was spectacular, but had no griped about turning around. We all had a lot of fun on our way back to the entrance but as we got closer to exiting my friend noticed a set of eyes in the distance, staring at us. </div>
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My wife hid behind a pillar as my friend tried to duck behind her. After a few minutes of being slightly scared, and extremely paranoid, my other buddy caught up to us and informed us that the eyes were merely the tunnel entrance in the distance, with light shinning through now that it was daylight out.</div>
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While the adventure was fairly short, it was filled with laughs and good times with good friends. I am not gonna make a habit of visiting this cave, but I will definetly go back sooner rather than later.</div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 13px;">Oahu Karst Cave Photo and Video Links: </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 13px;">The Moiliili Karst Formation </span><a href="http://explorebiodiversity.com/Hawaii/hikes/Moiliili/cavemap.html"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 13px;">http://explorebiodiversity.com/Hawaii/hikes/Moiliili/cavemap.html</span></a><br />
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<a href="http://explorebiodiversity.com/Hawaii/hikes/Moiliili/caveorganisms.html"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 13px;">http://explorebiodiversity.com/Hawaii/hikes/Moiliili/caveorganisms.html</span></a><br />
<span style="font-size: 13px;"></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 13px;">Moili'ili Karst Cave Exploration </span><a href="http://www.alohafrom808.com/2012/06/moiliili-karst-cave-exploration-june-2012/"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 13px;">http://www.alohafrom808.com/2012/06/moiliili-karst-cave-exploration-june-2012/</span></a><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 13px;"> </span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 13px;">Moili'ili Karst Exploration </span><a href="http://notsogreathikingblog.blogspot.com/2012/06/moiliili-karst-exploration.html"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 13px;">http://notsogreathikingblog.blogspot.com/2012/06/moiliili-karst-exploration.html</span></a><br />
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<a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=RrGTMYk5cXI"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 13px;">http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=RrGTMYk5cXI</span></a><br />
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<span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 13px;">Moiliili Karst </span><a href="http://easyhikerhawaii.blogspot.com/2012/07/moiliili-karst.html"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 13px;">http://easyhikerhawaii.blogspot.com/2012/07/moiliili-karst.html</span></a><br />
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<span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 13px;">Mōʻiliʻili Karst (Mōʻiliʻili Water Cave)</span><a href="http://totakeresponsibility.blogspot.com/2012/12/moiliili-karst-moiliili-water-cave.html"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 13px;">http://totakeresponsibility.blogspot.com/2012/12/moiliili-karst-moiliili-water-cave.html</span></a><span style="font-family: Verdana;"> </span><br />
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<br /><a href="http://punynari.wordpress.com/2012/07/15/moiliili-karst/"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 13px;"></span></a>Kanehilihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00772491490665346198noreply@blogger.comMcCully - Moiliili, Honolulu, HI, USA21.291922822172257 -157.8218865401140621.290998322172257 -157.82314704011407 21.292847322172257 -157.82062604011406tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-110342046378403110.post-60869769231780421382013-06-19T23:11:00.000-07:002015-08-01T17:57:25.563-07:00Bio Diversity: The Moiliili Karst Formation<h2 style="text-align: center;">
Bio Diversity: The Moiliili Karst Formation</h2>
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<a href="http://explorebiodiversity.com/Hawaii/hikes/Moiliili/cavemap.html">http://explorebiodiversity.com/Hawaii/hikes/Moiliili/cavemap.html</a></div>
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The <b>Moiliili Karst Formation</b> is a pie shaped wedge that starts at the University of Hawaii lower campus and extends to approximately Kapiolani Avenue. </div>
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This entire section is a limestone base that was formed from an old coral reef. Rainwater runoff from Manoa Valley has caused the limestone to erode, forming the present day karst caves that lie underneath the busy University / King Shopping complexes. </div>
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According to Frank Howarth, stresses in a cave environment include, “perpetual darkness and humidity, lack of important environmental cues, complex mazelike living space, stressful or even lethal gas mixtures, patchy food resources, barren rocky substrates, wet and slippery vertical surfaces, and occasional flooding.” </div>
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<span style="color: #660000;"><b><img src="http://explorebiodiversity.com/Hawaii/hikes/Moiliili/images/sewers.jpg" height="340" width="474" /></b></span></div>
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The primary food resources in caves include organic substances that are brought inside by water and gravity. As William Halliday (pers. comm.) observed, the fish inside the (Moiliili) cave were eating something that dripped from a dribble of water. He also noted that “biota is concentrated near the entrance. Large and small roots are present, with mycelia present on some” (Halliday 1994).</div>
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Many residents of the Moiliili area are unaware that just a couple meters below their feet, cars, houses, and businesses lies a truly amazing formation. The Moiliili karst formation is not only a “natural laboratory for a largely unstudied groundwater zone,” but also important is the “integration of drainage and economic importance” (Halliday 1998:145).</div>
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<span style="color: #660000;"><b>History of Moiliili Karst</b></span></div>
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The Karst was an integral part of the economy and world above it. There were several ponds that were fed by karsic springs. One was located west of University Avenue, upslope of Beretania Street. The Kanewai underground pond was important to Hawaiian culture, because its water was said to have healing properties. </div>
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Originally the pond was a favorite of Queen Kamamalu (sister of Kamehameha IV and V). The pond served as an enjoyable picnic site for the Queen and her brothers. Hawaiian royalty loved swimming in the ponds, which were also said to have healing powers (Willows Flyer: Appendix A). </div>
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The pond became the site of the Willows restaurant, and served as an attraction to customers. It was stocked with koi, which interbred with the existing fish creating a school of colorful fish (Halliday 1998). </div>
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<b><span style="color: #660000;">The 1934 Dewatering</span></b></div>
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In 1934, a construction endeavor downslope struck a master conduit of the karst. This caused massive water drainage of the upslope area (Halliday: 1998). According to William Halliday (1998:143), “for more than four months, an average of 3.8 x 107 L was pumped daily before the hole could be sealed and construction resumed.” </div>
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The total amount pumped before the leak could be sealed was greater that one billion gallons of water (Halliday 1997). </div>
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The lowering of the water table has had several consequences on the surrounding area. The dramatic changes in the karst from before 1934 to present time are a result of the dewatering. There is assumed to have been considerable economic loss as sidewalks split, water and gas mains ruptured, trees sank, and houses rose and settled (Halliday 1998). </div>
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The spring feed ponds vanished within 24 hours, taking some fish into the karst, while leaving others stranded. There have been several instances of collapses since the dewatering. One instance involves the Standard Trading store falling through the ground into the karst below it (Watanabe 1996). </div>
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Another instance involves the emergence of a large cavern downslope from the King-University intersection. Some fish that disappeared from the Hausten Pond were seen there (Halliday 1998). </div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 13px;">Oahu Karst Cave Photo and Video Links: </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 13px;"></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 13px;">The Moiliili Karst Formation </span><a href="http://explorebiodiversity.com/Hawaii/hikes/Moiliili/cavemap.html"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 13px;">http://explorebiodiversity.com/Hawaii/hikes/Moiliili/cavemap.html</span></a><br />
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<a href="http://explorebiodiversity.com/Hawaii/hikes/Moiliili/caveorganisms.html"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 13px;">http://explorebiodiversity.com/Hawaii/hikes/Moiliili/caveorganisms.html</span></a><br />
<span style="font-size: 13px;"></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 13px;">Moili'ili Karst Cave Exploration </span><a href="http://www.alohafrom808.com/2012/06/moiliili-karst-cave-exploration-june-2012/"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 13px;">http://www.alohafrom808.com/2012/06/moiliili-karst-cave-exploration-june-2012/</span></a><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 13px;"> </span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 13px;">Moili'ili Karst Exploration </span><a href="http://notsogreathikingblog.blogspot.com/2012/06/moiliili-karst-exploration.html"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 13px;">http://notsogreathikingblog.blogspot.com/2012/06/moiliili-karst-exploration.html</span></a><br />
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<a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=RrGTMYk5cXI"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 13px;">http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=RrGTMYk5cXI</span></a><br />
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<span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 13px;">Moiliili Karst </span><a href="http://easyhikerhawaii.blogspot.com/2012/07/moiliili-karst.html"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 13px;">http://easyhikerhawaii.blogspot.com/2012/07/moiliili-karst.html</span></a><br />
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<span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 13px;">Mōʻiliʻili Karst (Mōʻiliʻili Water Cave)</span><a href="http://totakeresponsibility.blogspot.com/2012/12/moiliili-karst-moiliili-water-cave.html"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 13px;">http://totakeresponsibility.blogspot.com/2012/12/moiliili-karst-moiliili-water-cave.html</span></a><span style="font-family: Verdana;"> </span><br />
<br />Kanehilihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00772491490665346198noreply@blogger.comMcCully - Moiliili, Honolulu, HI, USA21.291932151802154 -157.8219437603547721.290082651802155 -157.82446526035477 21.293781651802153 -157.81942226035477tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-110342046378403110.post-7721002702498387962013-06-19T21:11:00.000-07:002015-08-01T17:56:25.383-07:00Mōiliʻili Karst Water Cave<h2>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhV4mheA_ym0FvtrvJqH_cdLKTsVI18m-OdzYdAb_S3SljLyojI7tmtGhGYeo1YT_O5p8112o42RjIjIMxJ7WAVUV-sona-S0wiTBV7QGrJmgMGRix1VeXOj7jFo8i4M1AMehFzSSkV0QY/s1600/moicaves.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="211" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhV4mheA_ym0FvtrvJqH_cdLKTsVI18m-OdzYdAb_S3SljLyojI7tmtGhGYeo1YT_O5p8112o42RjIjIMxJ7WAVUV-sona-S0wiTBV7QGrJmgMGRix1VeXOj7jFo8i4M1AMehFzSSkV0QY/s320/moicaves.gif" width="320" /></a></div>
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Honolulu's Secret Underground Caves</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhhvUIOf578Hvzh1iBaiNkXtJ_1za1xfM8S_KzXwiZAbIo8uD4Bt5I1dDZ_PM_HbGE5ZyS_qWz2Rjk0qby3ZbJlaZokgRX1MBAqjqNUjD6wVXu9qMAv-Y4Lce_zZpGPcgDu-gd2N8OhGEk/s1600/Moiilili-Karst2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="257" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhhvUIOf578Hvzh1iBaiNkXtJ_1za1xfM8S_KzXwiZAbIo8uD4Bt5I1dDZ_PM_HbGE5ZyS_qWz2Rjk0qby3ZbJlaZokgRX1MBAqjqNUjD6wVXu9qMAv-Y4Lce_zZpGPcgDu-gd2N8OhGEk/s320/Moiilili-Karst2.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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Mōiliili Water Cave </h2>
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<span style="color: #336699;">Peter T Young </span> </div>
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<a href="http://totakeresponsibility.blogspot.com/2012/12/moiliili-karst-moiliili-water-cave.html">http://totakeresponsibility.blogspot.com/2012/12/moiliili-karst-moiliili-water-cave.html</a><br />
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The underground cave system is thought to be part of the original channel of Mānoa stream – people call it the Mōʻiliʻili Karst (Karst being a geological formation shaped by the dissolution of a layer or layers of soluble bedrock, such as limestone.)<br />
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The wide upslope section of the cave is centered near the intersection of University Avenue and South King Street (down slope from the University Avenue – H-1 interchange.) The lower edge is located at the intersection of University Avenue and Kapiʻolani Boulevard. <br />
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The environment above the karst is highly urbanized, containing busy streets, buildings and businesses. The consequences of such urbanization are evident. Before damages due to urbanization and cave-ins, the Mōʻiliʻili Karst contained a half-mile cave that seemed to be a single connected structure.<br />
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There were several ponds that were fed by the karsic springs. One was located west of University Avenue, upslope of Beretania Street (near the UH makai campus.) The Kānewai underground pond was important to Hawaiian culture, because its water was said to have healing properties.<br />
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<b>Massive Karst Cave Collapse in 1934</b><br />
In 1934, a construction project downslope struck a master conduit of the karst. This caused massive water drainage of the upslope area; “for more than four months, an average of 3.8 x 107 L was pumped daily before the hole could be sealed and construction resumed.” The total amount pumped before the leak could be sealed was greater than one billion gallons of water.<br />
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The spring-feed ponds vanished within 24 hours. There have been several instances of collapses since the dewatering. One instance in 1952 involves the Standard Trading store falling through the ground into the karst below it. Another instance involves the emergence of a large cavern downslope from the King-University intersection.<br />
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The leak was repaired, but had changed the karst forever. Several spots in the formation were deliberately filled. Cave-ins greatly reduced the size of the cave network, and changed access to the underground.<br />
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<span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 13px;">Karst Cave Photo and Video Links: </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 13px;"></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 13px;">The Moiliili Karst Formation </span><a href="http://explorebiodiversity.com/Hawaii/hikes/Moiliili/cavemap.html"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 13px;">http://explorebiodiversity.com/Hawaii/hikes/Moiliili/cavemap.html</span></a><br />
<br />
<a href="http://explorebiodiversity.com/Hawaii/hikes/Moiliili/caveorganisms.html"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 13px;">http://explorebiodiversity.com/Hawaii/hikes/Moiliili/caveorganisms.html</span></a><br />
<span style="font-size: 13px;"></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 13px;">Moili'ili Karst Cave Exploration </span><a href="http://www.alohafrom808.com/2012/06/moiliili-karst-cave-exploration-june-2012/"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 13px;">http://www.alohafrom808.com/2012/06/moiliili-karst-cave-exploration-june-2012/</span></a><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 13px;"> </span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 13px;">Moili'ili Karst Exploration </span><a href="http://notsogreathikingblog.blogspot.com/2012/06/moiliili-karst-exploration.html"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 13px;">http://notsogreathikingblog.blogspot.com/2012/06/moiliili-karst-exploration.html</span></a><br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=RrGTMYk5cXI"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 13px;">http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=RrGTMYk5cXI</span></a><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 13px;">Moiliili Karst </span><a href="http://easyhikerhawaii.blogspot.com/2012/07/moiliili-karst.html"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 13px;">http://easyhikerhawaii.blogspot.com/2012/07/moiliili-karst.html</span></a><br />
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<span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 13px;">Mōʻiliʻili Karst (Mōʻiliʻili Water Cave)</span><a href="http://totakeresponsibility.blogspot.com/2012/12/moiliili-karst-moiliili-water-cave.html"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 13px;">http://totakeresponsibility.blogspot.com/2012/12/moiliili-karst-moiliili-water-cave.html</span></a><span style="font-family: Verdana;"> </span><br />
Kanehilihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00772491490665346198noreply@blogger.comMcCully - Moiliili, Honolulu, HI, USA21.2919441471269 -157.8219509124755921.288245647126903 -157.82699341247559 21.2956426471269 -157.81690841247558tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-110342046378403110.post-2610484990153722912013-06-19T03:58:00.000-07:002015-08-01T17:39:10.263-07:00Fantastic Must See Oahu Karst Cave Videos And Photos<br />
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Honolulu's Secret Karst Caves</h2>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgH-LWHejbv5yJLZBIoK0UgenTW94j98Gah7DHuI-qf4TBClFxfn70EoNZTHJ9iSJLybAXeihSqmWfC3YCtamuJu238GfIh6GrNc_UfehV55_cgOGRip7n2Dce8i3k07hwG6jGVGJ3x-Lo/s1600/7363672682_80b040c5c4_b.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgH-LWHejbv5yJLZBIoK0UgenTW94j98Gah7DHuI-qf4TBClFxfn70EoNZTHJ9iSJLybAXeihSqmWfC3YCtamuJu238GfIh6GrNc_UfehV55_cgOGRip7n2Dce8i3k07hwG6jGVGJ3x-Lo/s320/7363672682_80b040c5c4_b.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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Oahu Karst Cave Videos And Photos</h2>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Karst Caves
and Underground Karst waterways exist throughout Honolulu- the Southern Oahu shoreline, all Pearl Harbor (Aiea, Navy, Hickam, Pearl City, Waipahu, etc.), ALL of the Ewa Plain, Waianae shoreline, etc.<br />
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There are also Karst Caves and water systems along the North Shore and Windward Oahu. A very large Karst Cave in Laie has yielded large amounts of calcite in the form of stalactite-stalagmites and karst Cave calcite has been commonly found on beaches- it is a sparkly, milky white mineral.<br />
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Legally, no one should be removing these minerals from existing Karst caves!</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Visiting the fairly well documented Moiliili Karst is potentially dangerous and not recommended - however scientific exploration and documentation is highly encouraged. </span></div>
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There was a major Karst cave collapse in Moiliili in the 1930's.</div>
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Are we just going to wait for the next one to happen?<br />
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City and State government has been nearly completely ignoring future Karst collapse, sea level rise, Ala Wai canal pollution (which is only a fraction of the shoreline pollution going on and not mitigated.) ground water inundation and other very important water issues- despite<br />
existing State Laws, the State Constitution, Public Trust, federal laws and supposed Shoreline Management.<br />
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Scientific studies and local shorelines around the Hawaiian Islands are becoming ecological dead zones and more and more fresh water is pumped out or badly polluted and dumped into the ocean. </div>
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There is a direct connection between fresh, unpolluted water flowing into the ocean and the ecological health of shoreline and the creatures that live there. Like the mass die off of bees, these small shore sea creatures and algae actually play an important role in our island<br />
ecological health and sustainability. We are headed toward lifeless desert shorelines right now in Hawaii.<br />
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Our City and State government officials come pretty close to criminal negligence by not looking out for the health and welfare of its citizens and CLEAN WATER should be number one on the government agenda as we are living on an Island and everything will die without it. </div>
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We need to look to the Konohiki system of ecological management of our shorelines as the template for our survival.<br />
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Pouring concrete into Karst water caves and fresh water water channels is a sign of a very sick and corrupt government and ultimately will not stop what water intends to do. </div>
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It's also a violation of State laws, the Hawaii State Constitution and the Federal Clean Water Act, but the Hawaii government allows this all the time due to contractor-developer pay-offs.</div>
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Properly mitigated, sustainable development is what is
needed, not the fast bucks and leave town tomorrow mentality that controls our Hawaii government now.<br />
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Kanehili Cultural Hui<br />
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The Moiliili Karst Formation<br />
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<a href="http://explorebiodiversity.com/Hawaii/hikes/Moiliili/cavemap.html" target="_blank">http://explorebiodiversity.<wbr></wbr>com/Hawaii/hikes/Moiliili/<wbr></wbr>cavemap.html</a><br />
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<a href="http://explorebiodiversity.com/Hawaii/hikes/Moiliili/caveorganisms.html" target="_blank">http://explorebiodiversity.<wbr></wbr>com/Hawaii/hikes/Moiliili/<wbr></wbr>caveorganisms.html</a><br />
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Moili'ili Karst Cave Exploration<br />
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<a href="http://www.alohafrom808.com/2012/06/moiliili-karst-cave-exploration-june-2012/" target="_blank">http://www.alohafrom808.com/<wbr></wbr>2012/06/moiliili-karst-cave-<wbr></wbr>exploration-june-2012/</a><br />
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Moili'ili Karst Exploration<br />
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<a href="http://notsogreathikingblog.blogspot.com/2012/06/moiliili-karst-exploration.html" target="_blank">http://notsogreathikingblog.<wbr></wbr>blogspot.com/2012/06/moiliili-<wbr></wbr>karst-exploration.html</a><br />
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<a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=RrGTMYk5cXI" target="_blank">http://www.youtube.com/watch?<wbr></wbr>feature=player_embedded&v=<wbr></wbr>RrGTMYk5cXI</a><br />
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Moiliili Karst<br />
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<a href="http://easyhikerhawaii.blogspot.com/2012/07/moiliili-karst.html" target="_blank">http://easyhikerhawaii.<wbr></wbr>blogspot.com/2012/07/moiliili-<wbr></wbr>karst.html</a><br />
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Mōʻiliʻili Karst (Mōʻiliʻili Water Cave)<br />
<br />
<a href="http://totakeresponsibility.blogspot.com/2012/12/moiliili-karst-moiliili-water-cave.html" target="_blank">http://totakeresponsibility.<wbr></wbr>blogspot.com/2012/12/moiliili-<wbr></wbr>karst-moiliili-water-cave.html</a><br />
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Kanehilihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00772491490665346198noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-110342046378403110.post-56294030868237703902013-06-19T03:43:00.000-07:002015-08-01T17:52:52.127-07:00Sea-Level Rise And Groundwater Inundation In Honolulu<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEimfQYhCIQ4hCyuD_3ki0vtxzizwyC2CV07VVAAQzkY2MdhMn5JnxtvjVJQxi0CigZrqUElCQBUAlAfLc9YjIOuci5hscZl2Grh3RPSCN9TPcSGj6Oyhh_yRCaBVpEJqnnJeMuVq8Ke5Ec/s1600/OMPO-SLR-1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEimfQYhCIQ4hCyuD_3ki0vtxzizwyC2CV07VVAAQzkY2MdhMn5JnxtvjVJQxi0CigZrqUElCQBUAlAfLc9YjIOuci5hscZl2Grh3RPSCN9TPcSGj6Oyhh_yRCaBVpEJqnnJeMuVq8Ke5Ec/s320/OMPO-SLR-1.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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Assessment of groundwater inundation in Honolulu</h2>
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as a consequence of sea-level rise</h2>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">Kolja Rotzoll<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> <span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">& Charles H. Fletcher</span></span></span></div>
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Water Resources Research Center, University of Hawaii, 2540 Dole Street, </div>
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Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA</div>
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<b>Nature Climate Change 477–481 Volume:3 Pages: <time datetime="2012-11-11">2013</time></b></div>
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Strong evidence on climate change underscores the need for actions to reduce the impacts of sea-level rise. Global mean sea level may rise 0.18–0.48<span class="mb"><span class="mb"> </span></span>m by mid-century<sup> </sup>and 0.5–1.4<span class="mb"><span class="mb"> </span></span>m by the end of the century. <br />
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<a href="http://www.nature.com/nclimate/journal/v3/n5/carousel/nclimate1725-f2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Map of the study area of southern Oahu, Hawaii, surficial geology, aquifer-system boundaries and locations of tidal-efficiency and groundwater-level measurements." border="0" class="fig carousel-item" src="http://www.nature.com/nclimate/journal/v3/n5/carousel/nclimate1725-f2.jpg" height="165" width="200" /></a>Besides marine inundation, it is largely unrecognized that low-lying coastal areas may also be vulnerable to groundwater inundation, which is localized coastal-plain flooding due to a rise of the groundwater table with sea level. <br />
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Measurements of the coastal groundwater elevation and tidal influence in urban Honolulu, Hawaii, allow estimates of the mean water table, which was used to assess vulnerability to groundwater inundation from sea-level rise. <br />
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We find that 0.6<span class="mb"><span class="mb"> </span></span>m of potential sea-level rise causes substantial flooding, and 1<span class="mb"><span class="mb"> </span></span>m sea-level rise inundates 10<span class="mb">%</span> of a 1-km wide heavily urbanized coastal zone. The flooded area including groundwater inundation is more than twice the area of marine inundation alone. <br />
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This has consequences for decision-makers, resource managers and urban planners, and may be applicable to many low-lying coastal areas, especially where groundwater withdrawal is not substantial.<br />
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<img alt="Conceptual diagram of a freshwater lens, and marine and groundwater inundation under SLR in the southern Oahu aquifer." class="fig carousel-item" src="http://www.nature.com/nclimate/journal/v3/n5/carousel/nclimate1725-f1.jpg" height="200" width="398" /></div>
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<a href="http://www.nature.com/nclimate/journal/v3/n5/carousel/nclimate1725-f4.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Inundation at MHHW under sea-level rise in the Honolulu caprock aquifer, Oahu, Hawaii." border="0" class="fig carousel-item" src="http://www.nature.com/nclimate/journal/v3/n5/carousel/nclimate1725-f4.jpg" height="200" width="169" /> </a></div>
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Ancient Karst Reef Sinkholes On The Ewa Plain Hold Secrets To Oahu’s Earliest Residents</h2>
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<a href="http://ewa-hawaii-karst.blogspot.com/2015/01/Ewa-ancient-karst-reef-sinkholes.html">http://ewa-hawaii-karst.blogspot.com/2015/01/Ewa-ancient-karst-reef-sinkholes.html</a></div>
<h2 style="text-align: center;">
Oahu's Ewa Plain Karst Sinkholes And Caves Yield Extinct Bird Fossils </h2>
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<a href="http://ewa-hawaii-karst.blogspot.com/2015/01/ewa-plain-karst-sinkholes-and.html">http://ewa-hawaii-karst.blogspot.com/2015/01/ewa-plain-karst-sinkholes-and.html</a></div>
Kanehilihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00772491490665346198noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-110342046378403110.post-78856952657426956032013-05-22T05:46:00.000-07:002013-05-25T13:08:59.310-07:00Waikiki Ala Wai Canal Is Dangerous, Bacteria Infested Water - Paddle At Your Own Risk<h2 style="text-align: center;">
Waikiki Ala Wai Canal Is Dangerous, Bacteria Infested Water - Paddle At Your Own Risk</h2>
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<span class="byline"><a href="http://www.civilbeat.com/articles/2013/05/22/19076-ala-wai-canal-if-it-makes-you-sick-why-not-shut-down-public-access/">http://www.civilbeat.com/articles/2013/05/22/19076-ala-wai-canal-if-it-makes-you-sick-why-not-shut-down-public-access/</a></span><br />
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Karen Ah Mai, executive director of the Ala Wai Watershed Association, says she became involved in trying to clean up the canal years ago out of concern for her daughter, a paddler. <br />
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“Every mom’s horror story is that their child will overturn their canoe in the Ala Wai Canal,” she said. “And after she did that twice, I said, my God, I need to do something about this because moms have nightmares about their children falling in the Ala Wai Canal.”<br />
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Ah Mai also worried that her daughter could get sick simply by swallowing the contaminated water.<br />
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“If they should accidentally drink some of that water, I dread to think what would happen to their systems,” she said. “When the kids are paddling during the high school season, we know that most of the kids are going to get an infection.”<br />
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Health experts say that the pollutants in the canal can cause skin, ear, eye and throat infections, as well as painful gastrointestinal illnesses. More serious concerns center around bacterial infections that can be resistant to antibiotics. <br />
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Paddlers with open wounds are at particular risk. <br />
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“You really have to get those cleaned out well because that is a broth of bacteria,” said Dr. Jim Ireland, a kidney specialist and former emergency services director for the city. <br />
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But despite the warnings of health experts and the concerns of paddlers and parents like Ah Mai, there’s little support for banning paddling, and in particular, outrigger canoe racing — Hawaii’s state sport and an interscholastic high school sport.<br />
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The Ala Wai Canal is one of the best places to practice and race because of its flat, controlled environment. <br />
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In the evenings, paddlers gliding along the canal have a view of the thousands of lights that illuminate the Waikiki skyline. And as they head out past the mouth of the canal and into the open ocean they’re greeted with the turquoise Waikiki waters lit by the brilliant hues from the sun setting along the horizon. <br />
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Outrigger canoe paddlers say that the Ala Wai Canal is one of the few places to practice around Honolulu that has an exit to the ocean. Waikiki and the beach at Ala Moana have been off limits for years.Kanehilihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00772491490665346198noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-110342046378403110.post-20157237886246058202013-05-22T05:43:00.000-07:002013-05-25T13:09:58.508-07:00US EPA Treats Hawaii Like Third World Basket Case So Clean Water Legal Action Lacking<h2 style="text-align: center;">
US EPA Treats Hawaii Like Third World Basket Case So Clean Water Legal Action Lacking</h2>
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<span class="byline"><a href="http://www.civilbeat.com/articles/2013/05/22/19076-ala-wai-canal-if-it-makes-you-sick-why-not-shut-down-public-access/">http://www.civilbeat.com/articles/2013/05/22/19076-ala-wai-canal-if-it-makes-you-sick-why-not-shut-down-public-access/</a></span><br />
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Environmental attorneys have sued the state in the past in order to force action on water quality. But even they have little inclination to take on the Ala Wai Canal again.</div>
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They say there is no federal requirement to shut down the canal. The state is required to come up with a federally approved plan to reduce the bacteria counts, which it hasn't done, and the EPA, which has the power to intervene, hasn't made the state comply, environmental advocates say. </div>
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That means the only recourse is to sue the state for failing to comply with Clean Water Act regulations, they say. </div>
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Both state and federal officials said the lack of resources is the real problem and that the state health department doesn't have enough people or money to address all the water pollution throughout the state. </div>
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Right now the state’s priorities are on tackling pollution in areas such as Hanalei Bay on Kauai, where the water contains high bacteria counts, and west Maui, where injection wells could be polluting the nearshore waters, says Watson Okubo, who supervises water monitoring for the state health department’s clean water branch.</div>
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Dean Higuchi, a spokesman for the EPA, acknowledged that the state was required by federal law to come up with a plan to reduce the bacteria levels in the Ala Wai Canal. But the EPA has no intention of cracking down. He said that the state's limited resources could be put to better use in other areas. </div>
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“The Ala Wai (watershed) is a very large, large area that will take an immense amount of resources,” he said. "If you sink all your resources into the Ala Wai, then others get neglected.” </div>
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Daniel Cooper, an attorney for San Francisco-based Lawyers for Clean Water, said that the Clean Water Act doesn't have "a lack of resources exception."</div>
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“So the state says, ‘Oh it doesn’t matter.’ But they are violating federal law right now,” Cooper said.</div>
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He said it’s “disgraceful” for the EPA to take the position it has no legal obligation to try to force the state to comply.</div>
Kanehilihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00772491490665346198noreply@blogger.com0